1 A) Secondary metabolites originally evolved as a defense mechanism to harm animals and so they are potent even in small doses. B) Pharmaceuticals are usually just concentrated alkaloids, and so are no different from infusions from plant material. C) Only agriculturally-derived varieties of plants are free from metabolites that would otherwise hurt consumers. D) All of the above are reasonable arguments. E) Herbal remedies are, because they're natural, completely safe, and therefore none of these arguments are valid. 2 A) They have proteinase inhibitors which starve the caterpillars. The weak animals can't move to evade the carnivores which are attracted by the sluggish prey. B) The plants emit low-frequency vibrations which rouse mutualistic protectors to come to their aid. C) While being eaten, nectaries are stimulated to create rewards to attract predators who can then attack the pest. D) Plants cluster in arrangements where their combined chemicals provide natural protection against specific invaders. When being consumed, they secrete chemicals which stimulate germination of appropriate neighbours. E) Volatile chemicals are released during herbivore feeding, which attract wasps that lay their eggs on the pest. The larvae then consume the herbivore. 3 A) You can look at the types of RNA present in the cytoplasm of an infected cell and identify specific genetic responses. B) Necrotic (dead) regions of the plant near the source of infection quickly appear. C) Assess the stomata for leaking nitric oxide. D) Assess the stomata for leaking hydrogen peroxide. E) Look for thickening of the epidermis near the region of infection. 4 A) cyanogenic glycosides B) alkaloids C) tannins D) carbohydrates E) plant oils 5 A) They overstimulate the herbivore's nervous system. B) They're toxic. C) Tannins are similar to neurotransmitters, causing hallucinations. D) They provide "gateways" to alternative metabolic pathways which result in the herbivore becoming ill. E) Proteins bind to tannins and lose or reduce their effectiveness in normal metabolism. 6 A) Convergent evolution B) Homologous structures C) Analogous structures D) Artificial selection E) Coevolution 7 A) They help keep the plant from drying out. B) They help repel insects. C) They keep other plants from germinating nearby. D) They prevent fungal infection. E) They have hormone-like activity that helps wounds heal. 8 A) enhancing uptake of water and minerals. B) increasing photosynthesis. C) increasing the rate of CO2 fixation. D) enhancing the plant's immune response. E) protecting the roots from pathogens. 9 A) Secreting the toxins outside their cell walls. B) Releasing the volatile compounds into the environment. C) sequestering them in vesicles. D) producing compounds that are not toxic until they are ingested by a predator. E) sequestering them in vesicles and producing compounds that are not toxic until they are ingested by a predator. 10 A) minimize competition for resources such as light and nutrients. B) maintain an area near the plant available for the germination of its own seeds. C) allow a larger area for water to pool near the plant. D) increase the space available for growth. E) speed germination of plants outside the area occupied by the plant. 11 A) wax B) suberin C) cutin D) cuticle E) toxins 12 A) silica inclusions B) root hairs C) trichomes D) bark E) thorns 13 A) walnut trees and aphids. B) alfalfa and beetles. C) acacia trees and ants. D) Tomato and fungi. E) Corn and weevil. 14 A) acquired immune resistance. B) acute pathogen protection. C) systemic immune resistance. D) phloem resistance modulation. E) systemic acquired resistance. 15 A) The butterfly Helioconius sara and the glycosides produced by the passion flower vine. B) The tobacco hornworm and the tannins in tobacco plants. C) Ants and acacia trees. D) Humans and the glycosides in cassava. E) Parasitoid wasps and the plants they eat.
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