1 The Congress of Vienna presented France with a harsh peace settlement to punish the country for Napoleon's wars.A) True B) False 2 The four main powers at the Congress of Vienna agreed in principle to end the slave trade.A) True B) False 3 Conservatives championed the ideals of the Enlightenment and revolutionary change.A) True B) False 4 Liberalism was primarily the ideology of the middle classes, which, in spite of their economic strength, lacked political and social power in the traditional order.A) True B) False 5 According to the policy of laissez-faire , governments should actively regulate the market through legislation.A) True B) False 6 The majority of early liberals did not embrace democracy because they hoped to keep government power in the hands of the propertied.A) True B) False 7 As nationalism produced a new sense of community, it prompted calls for national liberation.A) True B) False 8 The works of Rousseau, an Enlightenment thinker, were antithetical to the ideology of Romanticism.A) True B) False 9 Religious mysticism was a central element of romanticism.A) True B) False 10 Romanticism was associated with the ideology of nationalism, but viewed as incompatible with liberalism and conservatism.A) True B) False 11 Marx and Engels were the first European socialists.A) True B) False 12 Flora Tristan was one of several French women who linked demands for socialist reforms with women's emancipation.A) True B) False 13 Marx considered the nineteenth century to be the bourgeois epoch.A) True B) False 14 Austria was a nationally and linguistically homogeneous state.A) True B) False 15 Russia's tsar Nicholas I, one of the main defenders of conservatism in Europe, crushed an uprising of the liberal Decembrists in 1825.A) True B) False 16 Through the Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829, Britain finally allowed Roman Catholics to serve in Parliament.A) True B) False 17 The first European country to grant universal male suffrage was Britain.A) True B) False 18 The Irish potato famine was made worse by liberals' refusal to involve the government in economic matters.A) True B) False 19 Conservatives and monarchists were voted back into office in France in 1848, in part because the national workshops demoralized the lower classes.A) True B) False 20 The revolution in France in 1848 helped to spark similar events in other European countries.A) True B) False 21 Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1826), whose musical compositions overflowed with individualism and emotionality, epitomizes the effect that romantic ideology had on the field of music.A) True B) False 22 Certain critics, like Georges Sand (1804-1876), lamented that the influence of romanticism in literature was to create an "ideal romantic heroine" who followed her emotions rather than tradition or reason.A) True B) False 23 The Junkers were the conservative Prussian landed aristocracy, who staffed the state offices in Prussia and had little toleration for liberal or nationalistic reforms.A) True B) False 24 The Irish Potato Famine, which led to the deaths of about a million Irishmen and the emigration of a million more, was at least partially the fault of the British legislators, who stood true to their free-market principles and refused to provide relief to the starving Irish.A) True B) False