Biology (Mader), 10th Edition

Chapter 39: Locomotion and Support Systems

Learning Outcomes

After studying this chapter, you should be able to accomplish the following outcomes.

Diversity of Skeletons

1. Distinguish between endoskeletons and exoskeletons, and provide examples of each.
2. Define hydrostatic skeleton and explain how it provides support and enables movement.

3. List the five main functions of the human skeleton.
4. Describe bone development, including the roles of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes.
5. Describe the structure of a long bone; differentiate between spongy and compact bone.
6. List the parts of the osteon.
7. List the components of the human axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

8. List the three types of muscle tissue found in humans.
9. Describe how skeletal muscles act antagonistically.
10. Distinguish between tetanus and tone.
11. Summarize the microscopic structure of skeletal muscle tissue and the sliding filament model of muscle contraction.
12. Describe the structure and function of the neuromuscular junction.
13. Describe the roles of calcium (Ca²⁺) and ATP in muscle contraction.

14. Explain what osteoporosis is.
15. List the major risk factors for osteoporosis.
16. Describe how osteoporosis may be prevented.