1 A) When a bird breathes, air moves from the lungs into the posterior air sacs. B) Amphibians pull air into their lungs by creating a lower pressure in their lungs than in the atmosphere. C) The flow of blood through the avian lung runs at a 180 degree angle to the air flow. D) In the average adult human, the surface area of the lungs is more than 400 times greater than the surface area of the body. E) The only place where gas exchange occurs in mammalian respiratory systems is in the alveoli. 2 A) diaphragm B) alveoli C) medulla oblongata of the brain stem D) hypothalamus of the brain E) larynx 3 A) during inhalation B) during exhalation C) during both inhalation and exhalation D) during neither inhalation and exhalation E) The external intercostals contract during inhalation; the diaphragm contracts during exhalation. 4 A) Myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin. B) Carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbonic acid which dissociates to form protons. C) Hemoglobin unloads its oxygen when it encounters low pH levels. D) It is also known as the chloride shift. 5 A) oxygen B) carbon dioxide C) nitric oxide D) All of the selections. 6 A) facilitated transport B) active transport C) diffusion D) ventilation E) osmosis 7 A) ventilation B) inhalation C) ram ventilation D) concurrent flow E) countercurrent flow 8 A) negative pressure within the lungs B) positive pressure within the lungs C) neutral pressure within the lungs D) countercurrent pressure within the lungs E) directional pressure within the lungs 9 A) amphibians B) reptiles C) birds D) mammals E) insects 10 A) about 78.1% B) about 2l.0% C) about 0.03% D) varies depending on the altitude E) varies depending on the amount of air in the atmosphere 11 A) surface area B) concentration difference C) distance D) flow E) the diffusing substance 12 A) the countercurrent flow of water over the gills B) the blood within the gills C) increasing the temperature of the blood to the gills D) the countercurrent flow of water over the gills and the blood within the gills E) All of the choices are correct. 13 A) 20 mm B) 40 mm C) 0 mm D) 100 mm E) 75 mm 14 A) low blood pCO2 B) high blood pCO2 C) low blood pO2 D) high blood pO2 E) both low blood pO2 and high blood pCO2 15 A) carbohydrate; 4 B) protein; 4 C) fatty acid; 4 D) phospholipid; 8 E) chain of amino acids; 16 16 A) bound to the protein portion of hemoglobin B) bound to the iron atoms of hemoglobin C) dissolved in plasma D) as bicarbonate 17 A) true B) false 18 A) lung capacity and heart rate B) blood pressure and lung capacity C) lung capacity and breathing rate D) breathing rate and blood pressure 19 A) tidal volume B) lung capacity C) vital capacity D) maximum lung volume 20 A) The oxygen content is half of that found at sea level. B) The carbon dioxide is twice that found at sea level. C) The partial pressure of oxygen is half that found at sea level. D) The atmospheric pressure is twice that found at sea level, which makes the amount of oxygen available one-fourth that found at sea level. 21 A) increased surface area B) decreasing the distance C) the concentration difference D) increasing the membrane permeability of the gas represented by D
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