Biology (Raven), 10th Edition

Chapter 39: Plant Defense Responses

Post-Test

1
Herbal remedies are considered by many to be natural, and therefore safer than pharmaceutically-derived drugs. What argument supports the premise that it is a good idea to regulate distribution of herbs as a medicine?
A)There is the potential for harm from even small amounts of secondary metabolites because many evolved as a defense mechanism to harm herbivores, including animals and humans.
B)Pharmaceuticals are usually just concentrated alkaloids; thus they are no different from infusions of plant material.
C)Only agriculturally-derived varieties of plants are free from metabolites that would otherwise hurt consumers.
D)All of the above statements are valid arguments.
E)None of the above statements are valid arguments because herbal remedies are natural and therefore completely safe.
2
Which of the following statements is a correct description of how plants use one kind of insect to destroy another kind of insect that is harming them?
A)They have proteinases that starve the caterpillars. The weak animals can't move to evade the carnivores which are attracted by the sluggish prey.
B)The plants emit low-frequency vibrations which rouse mutualistic protectors to come to their aid.
C)While being eaten, nectaries are stimulated to create rewards to attract predators who can then attack the pest.
D)Plants cluster in arrangements where their combined chemicals provide natural protection against specific invaders. When being consumed, they secrete chemicals which stimulate germination of appropriate neighbours.
E)A volatile compound is released as a wound response caused by herbivore feeding. This attracts female parasitoid wasps. These wasps then lay their fertilized eggs in the body of the caterpillar. Upon hatching, the emerging larvae kill and consume the caterpillar.
3
What is the easiest way to tell if an attacked plant is exhibiting a hypersensitive response?
A)Look at the types of RNA present in the cytoplasm of an infected cell and identify specific genetic responses.
B)Look for necrotic (dead) regions of the plant near the source of infection that appear soon after it is attacked.
C)Assess the stomata for leaking nitric oxide.
D)Assess the stomata for leaking hydrogen peroxide.
E)Look for thickening of the epidermis near the region of infection.
4
Which of the following chemicals do not help plants repel or poison invaders?
A)cyanogenic glycosides
B)alkaloids
C)tannins
D)carbohydrates
E)plant oils
5
How do tannins protect plants from herbivores?
A)They overstimulate the herbivore's nervous system.
B)They're toxic.
C)Tannins are similar to neurotransmitters, causing hallucinations.
D)They provide "gateways" to alternative metabolic pathways which result in the herbivore becoming ill.
E)Tannins bind to proteins within an attacker and inactivate them; thereby rendering the attacker's metabolism less effective in processing and delivering nutrients.
6
What is the proper term for how plants and mutualistic "protectors" develop relationships that benefit plant and protector?
A)convergent evolution
B)homologous structures
C)analogous structures
D)coevolution
E)artificial selection
7
Plants such as peppermint and sage contain oils. What is the function of these oils?
A)keep the plant from drying out
B)repel insects
C)keep other plants from germinating nearby
D)prevent fungal infection
E)heal wounds from hormone-like compounds
8
True or false: Mutualistic relationships between plants and other life can evolve into parasitic ones; parasitic relationship can evolve into mutualistic ones.
A)true
B)false
9
Select the best description of how plants protect themselves from their own toxins.
A)secreting toxins outside their cell walls
B)producing volatile compounds that are released into the environment
C)sequestering toxins in vesicles
D)producing compounds that are not toxic until they are ingested by a predator
E)sequestering toxins in vesicles and producing compounds that are not toxic until they are ingested by a predator
10
Why do allelopathic plants secrete chemicals to block seed germination or inhibit growth of nearby plants?
A)allow a larger area for water to pool near the plant
B)maintain an area near the plant for the germination of its own seeds
C)minimize competition for resources such as light and nutrients
D)increase the space available for growth
E)speed germination of plants outside the area occupied by the plant
11
Casparian strips in roots contain _______, which helps to defend against invaders.
A)wax
B)suberin
C)cutin
D)cuticle
E)toxins
12
Which of the following does not protect the nutrient-rich plant interior?
A)silica inclusions
B)root hairs
C)trichomes
D)bark
E)thorns
13
Select the correct example of a mutualistic relationship involving a plant.
A)walnut trees and aphids
B)alfalfa and beetles
C)acacia trees and ants
D)tomato and fungi
E)corn and weevil
14
What is the proper term for the mechanism that protects a plant systemically from pathogens for a short period after it has been attacked by one?
A)acquired immune resistance
B)acute pathogen protection
C)systemic immune resistance
D)phloem resistance modulation
E)systemic acquired resistance
15
Which of the following pairings is an example of the coevolution of an organism's metabolism to resist a plant's evolved chemical defense?
A)the butterfly Helioconius sara and the glycosides produced by the passion flower vine
B)the tobacco hornworm and the tannins in tobacco plants
C)ants and acacia trees
D)humans and the glycosides in cassava
E)caterpillars and the plants they eat
16
Name the plant toxin that acts on nicotinic receptors and causes a host of problems beginning with muscular paralysis in the lower limbs and ending with respiratory paralysis and death.
A)nicotine
B)coniine
C)ricin
D)manihotoxin
17
Which of the following is NOT a secondary metabolite that is of medicinal value?
A)taxol
B)morphine
C)quinine
D)ricin A
18
True or false: Some species of Acacia trees are guarded by several species of ants that attack other insects including bees.
A)true
B)false
19
Which of these chemicals is found in cell walls of subterranean plant organs?
A)systemin
B)jasmonic acid
C)suberlin
D)taxol
20
How does nicotine act in defending a plant?
A)inhibits protein synthesis
B)inhibits glycolysis thereby sedating attackers
C)overstimulates attackers
D)inhibits translation
21
Which of the following statement is correct?
A)systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is initiated by the hypersensitive response (HR)
B)the hypersensitive response is initiated by the system acquired resistance
C)HR and SAR are functionally separate
D)HR and SAR operate simultaneously and cooperatively
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