| abnormal behavior | Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time.
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| medical model | The view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin.
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| DSM-IV | The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States.
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| attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | One of the most common psychological disorder, of childhood, in which individuals show one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
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| anxiety disorders | Psychological disorders involving fears that are uncontrollable, disproportionate to the actual danger the person might be in, and disruptive of ordinary life.
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| generalized anxiety disorder | Psychological disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least six months and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety.
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| panic disorder | Anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense apprehension or terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.
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| phobic disorder or phobia | Anxiety disorder characterized by an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.
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| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | Anxiety disorder in which the individual has anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go away and/ or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation.
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| post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | Anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event that has overwhelmed the person's abilities to cope.
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| mood disorders | Psychological disorders—the main types of which are depressive disorders and bipolar disorder—in which there is a primary disturbance of mood: prolonged emotion that colors the individual's entire emotional state.
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| depressive disorders | Mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression—an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.
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| major depressive disorder (MDD) | Psychological disorder involving a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks.
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| dysthymic disorder (DD) | Mood disorder that is generally more chronic and has fewer symptoms than MDD; the individual is in a depressed mood for most days for at least two years as an adult or at least one year as a child or an adolescent.
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| bipolar disorder | Mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania , an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.
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| dissociative disorders | Psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the dissociation (separation) of the individual's conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts.
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| dissociative amnesia | Dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress.
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| dissociative fugue | Dissociative disorder in which the individual not only develops amnesia but also unexpectedly travels away from home and sometimes assumes a new identity.
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| dissociative identity disorder (DID) | Formerly called multiple personality disorder, a dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or identities, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships.
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| schizophrenia | Severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes, referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality.
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| hallucinations | Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli.
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| delusions | False, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture.
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| referential thinking | Ascribing personal meaning to completely random events.
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| catatonia | State of immobility and unresponsiveness lasting for long periods of time.
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| flat affect | The display of little or no emotion—a common negative symptom of schizophrenia.
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| diathesis-stress model | View of schizophrenia emphasizing that a combination of biogenetic disposition and stress causes the disorder.
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| personality disorder | Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual's personality.
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| antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) | A psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit.
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| borderline personality disorder (BPD) | A psychological disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts.
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