1 Human height is an example of a(n) ____ trait.A) autosomal B) sex-linked C) epistatic D) polygenic 2 Which of the following is not an example of a multifactorial trait?A) cystic fibrosis B) skin color C) height D) fingerprint patterns 3 Can a child have darker skin than either of his or her parents?A) Yes B) No C) No basis for determination 4 Which genotype would result in an individual with medium-colored skin?A) AabbCC B) AABBCc C) AaBbcc D) aabbcc 5 Which of the following polygenic characteristics is probably a pure polygenic trait - one with no environmental input?A) skin color B) height C) eye color D) fingerprint patterns 6 Heritability is a measurement that estimates the proportion of _____.A) genetic variation in a group that can be attributed to the environment B) phenotypic variation in an individual that can be attributed to genes C) phenotypic variation in a certain population that is due to genetic differences within the population D) None of the above 7 Siblings share ____% of their genes while fraternal twins share ____% and identical twins share ____% of their genes (on average).A) 50; 50; 50 B) 50; 100; 100 C) 100; 100; 100 D) 50; 50; 100 8 In humans, obesity has a heritability of _____.A) 25% B) 55% C) 75% D) 90% 9 A more informative way to assess the genetic component of a multifactorial trait is to study ____ who were separated at birth, then raised in very different environments.A) adopted children B) monozygotic (MZ) twins C) dizygotic (DZ) twins D) cousins 10 Geneticists calculate the ____ of a trait, or the degree to which it is inherited, as the percentage of pairs in which both twins express the trait.A) heritability B) coefficient of relationship C) concordance D) empiric risk 11 A trait more often present in both members of MZ twin pairs than in both DZ twin pairs has a large _____.A) environmental component B) inherited component C) random component D) No conclusions can be drawn in this case. 12 The risk of recurrence of a trait based on its known incidence in a particular population refers to _____.A) the empiric risk B) the correlation coefficient C) heritability D) concordance 13 The concordance between identical twins for body weight was calculated to be 0.42. What is the heritability of body weight?A) 0 B) 0.21 C) 0.42 D) 0.84 14 The concordance between fraternal twins for body weight was calculated to be 0.42. What is the heritability of body weight?A) 0 B) 0.21 C) 0.42 D) 0.84 15 A coefficient of relatedness of 100% indicates _____.A) fraternal twins B) a parent to child relationship C) a cousin to cousin relationship D) monozygotic twins 16 Characteristics shared by adopted children and their biological parents are mostly ____ while their similarities with adoptive parents reflect ____ influences.A) environmental; heritable B) genetic; environmental C) genetic; heritable D) plastic; immutable 17 Assume that three pairs of alleles with no environmental modification control height in humans. In this model, each dominant allele contributes four inches to a base height of four feet. What is the range of heights possible in this population?A) 0 - 2 feet B) 4 - 5 feet C) 2 - 4 feet D) 4 - 6 feet 18 Using the information from question 17, if a woman of the minimum specified height marries a man of intermediate height, what is the maximum achievable height for a child they produce?A) 3 feet B) 4 feet C) 5 feet D) 6 feet 19 In general, empiric risk for an individual increase with _____.A) the severity of the disorder B) the number of affected family members C) how closely related the person is to affected individuals D) All of the above 20 A higher heritability would be found for a trait in a population that is _____.A) homozygous for genes affecting the trait B) in a uniform environment C) heterozygous for genes affecting the trait D) in a heterogeneous environment 21 Given that eye color is controlled by two pairs of genes, what are the genotypes of the lightest-eyed parents who could produce a child with medium brown eyes?A) AABB x aabb B) AAbb x aaBB C) AaBb x Aabb D) Aabb x Aabb 22 Genome-wide association studies _____.A) make use of SNP mapping B) relate sequence patterns to the probability of developing a particular disorder C) are more powerful than heritability studies D) All of the above are true in regard to association studies. 23 Genetic variance for a multifactorial polygenic trait is usually due to the additive effects of many ____ alleles of different genes.A) dominant B) recessive C) lethal D) similar 24 ____ seek correlations between SNP patterns and phenotypes in large groups of individuals.A) Karyotype analyses B) Heritability calculations C) Genome-wide association studies D) Pedigree analyses 25 Which of the following is a controllable factor in assessing risk factors for cardiovascular disease?A) stress B) lipid metabolism genes C) lipoprotein lipase genes D) fibrinogen genes 26 A gene encoding a protein called ____ is involved in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease.A) leptin B) dopamine C) lipoprotein lipase D) None of the above 27 Which of the following proteins affects body weight?A) apolipoprotein B) dopamine C) leptin D) fibrinogen 28 Studies of the Pima Indians have helped identify environmental influences for what disease?A) cancer B) cardiovascular disease C) obesity D) diabetes 29 Ghrelin is produced by what organ?A) stomach B) liver C) pancreas D) hypothalamus 30 Leptin is secreted by _____ cells to influence the action of the _____.A) liver; stomach B) fat; hypothalamus C) hypothalamus; intestine D) pancreas; liver 31 Populations that suddenly become sedentary and switch to a fatty diet reflect ____ influences on body weight.A) genetic B) environmental C) association D) concordance 32 A ____ is determined by more than one gene and varies continuously in expression.A) dominant allele B) population C) polygenic trait D) recessive allele 33 Multifactorial traits reflect _____.A) environmental influences only B) genetic influences only C) both environmental and genetic influences D) neither environmental nor genetic influences 34 True or False. Genes that control lipid metabolism and blood clotting, blood pressure, and cell adhesion contribute to cardiovascular health.A) True. B) False.