1 The field of genetics that studies the relationship between chromosome variations and specific traits is called _____.A) Mendelian genetics B) cytogenetics C) quantitative genetics D) behavioral genetics 2 A(n)____ chromosome has its centromere near a tip so that it has one long arm and one very short arm.A) metacentric B) submetacentric C) acrocentric D) None of the above 3 The structure associated with the centromere that contacts the spindle fibers during mitosis is the _____.A) alpha satellite repeat B) subtelomere C) euchromatin D) kinetochore 4 ____ contains more protein-encoding sequences than ____.A) Heterochromatin; euchromatin B) Euchromatin; heterochromatin C) Pericentric inversions; aneuploids D) Aneuploids; pericentric inversions 5 Our closest evolutionary relative, according to karyotypes analysis, is the _____.A) mouse B) domestic cat C) gorilla D) pygmy chimpanzee 6 Heterochromatic regions at the ends of chromosomes are called _____.A) centromeres B) euchromatin C) telomeres D) satellites 7 Some human chromosomes contain _____, which are bloblike ends that extend from a thinner stalklike bridge from the rest of the chromosome.A) centromeres B) kinetochores C) telomeres D) satellites 8 The schematic map of a chromosome is called a(n) _____.A) karyotype B) ideogram C) anagram D) chromogram 9 An individual with the chromosomal description 45, X would be a _____.A) normal female B) female with Turner syndrome C) male with Klinefelter syndrome D) Cannot be determined 10 Prenatal diagnostic techniques that obtain fetal chromosomes include all of the following EXCEPT _____.A) amniocentesis B) fetal cell sorting C) chorionic villus sampling D) fluorescence (ital)in situ(/ital) hybridization 11 Which of the following procedures uses fetal cells that are obtained from the mother's bloodstream?A) amniocentesis B) fetal cell sorting C) chorionic villus sampling D) fluorescence in situ hybridization 12 Which of the following utilizes labeled DNA probes?A) amniocentesis B) fetal cell sorting C) chorionic villus sampling D) fluorescence (ital)in situ(/ital) hybridization 13 Which of the following cell types is not used to examine chromosomes?A) white blood cells B) bone marrow cells C) red blood cells D) All of the above can be used. 14 An individual with two normal sets of autosomes and a single X chromosome has _____.A) Down syndrome B) Patau syndrome C) Turner syndrome D) Klinefelter syndrome 15 The most common autosomal aneuploid is _____.A) trisomy 13 B) trisomy 15 C) trisomy 18 D) trisomy 21 16 In nondisjunction, which parent leads to the sex chromosome aneuploid XYY?A) mother B) father C) either parent D) both parents 17 A triploid human karyotype has how many chromosomes?A) 23 B) 46 C) 69 D) 92 18 Nondisjunction of chromosome 21 during meiosis II in human females can result in all of the following chromosome complements in a zygote except _____. (Assume the oocyte is fertilized by a sperm with a normal chromosome set.)A) no chromosome 21 B) euploid for chromosome 21 C) monosomic for chromosome 21 D) trisomic for chromosome 21 19 About 90% of trisomy 21 Down conceptions are due to nondisjunction during _____.A) meiosis I in the female B) meiosis II in the female C) meiosis I in the male D) meiosis II in the male 20 Approximately ____ percent of spontaneous abortions result from extra or missing chromosomes.A) 10 B) 25 C) 50 D) 75 21 How many chromosomes does a person with Edward syndrome have?A) 45 B) 46 C) 47 D) 48 22 All of the following aneuploids can result from female nondisjunction except _____.A) Klinefelter syndrome B) triplo-X C) Turner syndrome D) Jacobs syndrome 23 In a(n)____, the short arm of two acrocentric chromosomes break, and the long arms join forming a single large chromosome with two long arms.A) Robertsonian translocation B) reciprocal translocation C) inversion D) duplication 24 Cri-du-chat syndrome is associated with _____.A) a missing chromosome number 5 B) an additional chromosome number 5 C) a deletion of the long arm of chromosome number 5 D) a deletion of the short arm of chromosome number 5 25 When chromatids divide along the wrong plane, structures with identical arms called ____ are formed.A) ring chromosomes B) translocations C) isochromosomes D) satellites 26 Consider the following normal sequence of genes: a b c d e f g h. The sequence a b f e d c g h represents a(n) _____.A) deletion B) duplication C) inversion D) translocation 27 Which of the following karyotypes is NOT possible in the offspring of a translocation carrier (involving chromosomes 14 and 21) and a normal individual?"A) deficient 14 or deficient 21 B) normal C) translocation Down syndrome D) All are possible outcomes. 28 An inversion that includes the centromere is called _____.A) pericentric B) paracentric C) Robertsonian D) lethal 29 A couple seeks testing and counseling after they have a child with cystic fibrosis. Testing reveals that the mother is a carrier, but the father is not. How can these results be explained?A) The man tested is not the biological father. B) A mutation altered the child's normal allele. C) Uniparental disomy (from the mother). D) All are possible explanations; additional testing is needed. 30 A chromosome is ____ if the centromere divides it into two arms of approximately equal length.A) telocentric B) submetacentric C) metacentric D) acrocentric 31 The centromere generally divides the chromosome into a ____ p arm and a ____ q arm.A) shorter; longer B) longer; shorter 32 The tips of chromosomes contain repeated sequences that shorten with each mitotic division. These regions are called _____.A) p arms B) centromeres C) q arms D) telomeres 33 ____ cells have extra or missing chromosomes, while ____ cells contain a normal number of chromosomes.A) Aneuploid; euploid B) Polyploid; autosomal C) Autosomal; polyploid D) Euploid; aneuploid 34 ____ is a common cause of aneuploidy resulting in a gamete with one extra chromosome and another gamete with one missing chromosome.A) Chromosome pairing B) Nondisjunction C) Segregation D) Replication