1 A) suberized and contain no living protoplasts. B) thin walled and often contain chloroplasts. C) lignified and contain living protoplasts. D) suberized and contain living protoplasts. E) lignified and contain no living protoplasts. 2 A) sieve cells. B) vessels. C) tracheids. D) sieve tubes. E) rays. 3 A) root hairs. B) xylem. C) branch roots. D) root cap. E) pith parenchyma. 4 A) cortex B) endodermis C) pericycle D) pith E) xylem 5 A) aerial B) adventitious C) buttress D) parasitic E) food storage 6 A) Enzymes diffuse away from the membrane, and thus they tend to have more activity farther away. B) The middle lamella, which causes plant cells to stick together, is responsible for the primary wall, while the cell membrane has the enzyme structures for making the secondary wall. C) Rosettes in the cell membrane lay down successive cell wall layers. Thus, the primary cell wall is formed first with the secondary wall pushing it outward over time. D) The primary cell wall is digested by the rosettes which eventually create the secondary wall in order to create room for the new material. E) Cellulose expands as it forms the semicrystalline wall, leading to older material being moved outward over time. 7 A) Root hairs are made from many cells extending from the epidermis. Trichomes are extensions of epidermal cells. B) The surface area of roots is increased by root hairs because they have no cross walls and can freely interface with the soil. Trichomes often break wind currents and shade shoot epidermal regions. C) Root hairs are glandular, providing nutrients for symbiotic associations with soil fungi, while trichomes cannot serve as glands. D) All of the above distinguish root hairs from trichomes. E) None of the above are differences between root hairs and trichomes. 8 SCARECROW (SCR) and WEREWOLF (WER) in root development?A) SCR makes the roots grow in absurd directions (as if there's no "brain" controlling them). WER makes roots "hairy" because it stimulates excessive differentiation of hairs from root epidermal cells.B) The wer protein results in cells with lots of root hairs, while scr creates a skinny root. C) The scr allele creates a skinny root (like a scarecrow that has lost its stuffing), while the wer allele attacks neighboring cells, killing them. D) Protein from SCR "turns on" the WER genes. E) The WER protein suppresses root hair development in neighbors to a cell that has a hair, while SCR allows the ground meristem to create lateral cell divisions of endodermis and ground tissue. 9 A) An axillary bud, which reserves meristematic material from the shoot apical meristem. B) A petiole, which forms below the leaf and props up the tissue that joins the leaf to the stem. C) A terminal bud, which creates branching patterns in plants. D) Internodes, which split at each node to create more branches. E) Bundle scars, which allow the material above the node to slough off during seasons that don't favor growth. 10 A) The loose palisade layer allows gas exchange to occur rapidly. The stomata are on the bottom to allow diffusion of the air upwards. B) The stomata can only differentiate on the bottom because ultraviolet radiation impedes their development. The palisade layer helps shelter them. C) Palisade cells control development of stomata on the bottom of the leaf through gravitational dispersal of hormones. D) Tight-fitting palisade cells prevent water loss from the hot surfaces of the leaves. Stomata allow gas exchange on the bottom of the leaf, where it's cooler and therefore has less water loss. E) This is a trick question: stomata are on the top of the leaf while the palisade layer lines the bottom! 11 lateral meristem ?A) These give rise to leaves, which occur on each side of the shoot apical meristem. B) The lateral meristem is involved in the thickening of roots and shoots. C) Leaves are able to expand to form a sheet through the action of lateral meristems. D) Branches sprout out sideways through the activity of lateral meristems. E) Formation of large sideways expansion of plants occurs from lateral meristems, leading to the "bushy" appearance created by adding large boughs. 12 A) The phloem resides outside the vascular and so there is no conduit of material from the leaves to the roots. B) By removing material outside the vascular cambium, there will be no xylem or phloem to provide nutrition to distant parts of the plant. C) Water won't be able to travel from the soil to the leaves because vascular tissue was removed. D) Removing so much material will result in infection that inevitably kills the plant. E) Having a ring of damaged tissue extend the entire girth of the stem results in excessive energy being devoted to repair. This unfocused response means that resources are wasted trying to fix all the hurt areas at once. 13 A) The Golgi has ribosomes within it so that it can manufacture quantities of protein necessary to speed repair of its cells, which are easily damaged. B) The vesicles which come from the Golgi are released directly to the exterior of the cell that coat the root and prevent damage. C) Golgi membranes are worn off during root growth, so many of them are required to replace lost members. D) Secretions from the rough ER pass through the Golgi and accumulate in the cell walls to both lubricate the root and promote the growth of symbiotic soil fungi. E) The Golgi bodies sense gravity using starch granules and so having many of them present speeds sensing and responding to changes in the gravitational direction. 14 A) Bulb; horizontal stem which grows under the soil. B) Tuber; a flattened, photosynthetic stem resembling a leaf. C) Corm; an underground stem which resembles a bulb but has no fleshy leaves. D) Stolon; an accumulation of storage materials at the tip of a rhizome. E) Tendril; a horizontal stem that has long internodes and grows above the soil surface (similar to a runner). 15 A) Bract; a cone-shaped leaf with transparent tips. It remains buried but admits light to its center. B) Insectivorous leaf; produces tiny, complete plantlets along its margin. C) Window leaf; a leaf produced in the shade which has a large surface area but is thin with little mesophyll. D) Reproductive leaf; a leaf which traps insects. E) Spine; a leaf with reduced surface area to combat water loss.
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