The West in the World, 4th Edition (Sherman)Chapter 3:
The Poleis become CosmopolitanChapter Summaries
The Macedonian kings Philip II and his son Alexander conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia, initiating the transition from the independent Greek city-states to large, multi-ethnic urban centers. Under Philip and Alexander's successors, the Hellenistic kings, the Greek language and culture spread from the Mediterranean as far east as India. Trade increased, and Greek became the universal language of business. Royal patronage stimulated the arts and learning among the privileged, while ordinary people confronted growing poverty and difficult conditions in these cosmopolitan cities.
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