Biology (Mader), 10th Edition

Chapter 42: Animal Development

Learning Outcomes

After studying this chapter, you should be able to accomplish the following outcomes.

Early Developmental Stages

1. Describe the events of fertilization, including the prevention of polyspermy.
2. Describe the major events of embryonic development, encompassing the cellular, tissue, and organ stages.
3. Describe the process of gastrulation.
4. Name the three germ layers and the organs to which they give rise.
5. Describe the process of neurulation.

6. Describe the three processes necessary for development: growth, cellular differentiation, and morphogenesis.
7. Explain the role of induction in development; describe induction in the frog and in C. elegans.
8. Summarize morphogenesis in the Drosophila embryo.
9. Define homeotic gene.

10. List the four extraembryonic membranes and relate their functions.
11. Describe the major developmental milestones of the embryonic and fetal periods.
12. Describe the structure and function of the placenta.
13. Summarize the three stages of parturition.

14. Discuss the most common causes of birth defects.
15. Describe three methods of prenatal testing for genetic defects.