Biology (Mader), 10th Edition

Chapter 40: Hormones and Endocrine Systems

Learning Outcomes

After studying this chapter, you should be able to accomplish the following outcomes.

Endocrine Glands

1. Differentiate among the actions of endocrine glands, nervous tissue, and exocrine glands.
2. List the major endocrine glands of the human body and the hormones they produce.
3. Explain how peptide and steroid hormones serve as chemical signals.

4. Describe the relationship between the hypothalamus and the anterior and posterior pituitary.
5. List the hormones released from the posterior and posterior pituitary and their functions in the body.
6. Explain how positive and negative feedback regulate endocrine function.
7. Discuss the effects of excessive or inadequate levels of growth hormone.

8. List the hormones of the thyroid, parathyroids, adrenal medulla and cortex, pancreas, testes, ovaries, pineal gland, and thymus gland, and their effects in the body.
9. Describe the following endocrine disorders: goiter, Addison disease, Cushing syndrome, and diabetes mellitus.
10. Describe the sources and effects of leptin, erythropoietin, and prostaglandins.

11. Explain why the pancreas is considered to be both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland.
12. Describe how insulin was isolated and its effects on blood sugar determined.