Biology (Mader), 10th Edition

Chapter 34: Digestive Systems and Nutrition

Learning Outcomes

After studying this chapter, you should be able to accomplish the following outcomes.

Digestive Tracts

1. Compare the digestive tracts of animals in terms of incomplete versus complete tracts, continuous versus discontinuous feeders, and adaptations to diet.

2. Describe the anatomy of the human mouth, and contrast mechanical and chemical digestion in the mouth.
3. Describe the anatomy of the pharynx and changes that occur during swallowing.
4. Describe the anatomy of the esophagus and the process of peristalsis.
5. Describe the anatomy of the stomach and the function of gastric glands.
6. Describe the anatomy of the small intestine and its role in chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients.
7. Describe the structure and function of the large intestine and common illnesses associated with the large intestine.
8. Describe several functions of the pancreas and liver and two serious liver disorders.

9. Outline the usual steps for the digestion of starch and lipids, and tell how the products of digestion are absorbed.

10. Compare the benefits and drawbacks of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in the diet.
11. Discuss how to control diabetes type 2 and cardiovascular disease through diet and exercise.
12. In general, discuss the need for minerals and vitamins in the diet.
13. Explain how to interpret a nutrition label.
14. Define three types of eating disorders, and list the harmful consequences of each.