motivation | The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do.
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instinct | An innate (unlearned) biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species.
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drive | An aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need.
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need | A deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.
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homeostasis | The body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state.
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Yerkes-Dodson law | The psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal.
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set point | The weight maintained when the individual makes no effort to gain or lose weight.
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anorexia nervosa | Eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.
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bulimia nervosa | Eating disorder in which an individual (typically female) consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.
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binge eating disorder (BED) | Eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating.
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hierarchy of needs | Maslow's theory that human needs must be satisfied in the following sequence: physiological needs, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization.
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self-actualization | The motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being—the highest and most elusive of Maslow's proposed needs.
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self-determination theory | Deci and Ryan's theory asserting that all humans have three basic, innate organismic needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy.
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intrinsic motivation | Motivation based on internal factors such as organismic needs (competence, relatedness, and autonomy), as well as curiosity, challenge, and fun.
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extrinsic motivation | Motivation that involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments.
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self-regulation | The process by which an organism effortfully controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives.
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emotion | Feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal (such as a fast heartbeat), conscious experience (thinking about being in love with someone), and behavioral expression (a smile or grimace).
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polygraph | A machine, commonly called a lie detector, that monitors changes in the body, used to try to determine whether someone is lying.
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James-Lange theory | The theory that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment.
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Cannon-Bard theory | The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.
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two-factor theory of emotion | Schachter and Singer's theory that emotion is determined by two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.
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facial feedback hypothesis | The idea that facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them.
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display rules | Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.
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negative affect | Unpleasant emotions such as anger, guilt, and sadness.
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positive affect | Pleasant emotions such as joy, happiness, and interest.
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broaden-and-build model | Fredrickson's model of positive emotion, stating that the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on an individual's attention and ability to build resources.
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