History of the Modern World, 10th Edition (Palmer)

Chapter 8: The Age of Enlightenment

Primary Sources, Maps and Images

XXXVI. The Philosophes - And Others

1. The Spirit of Progress and Improvement
• [Primary Source Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary, on Quarrel of Ancients and Moderns]
• [Image Pietism]
• [Image John Wesley]
• [Image George Whitfield]
• [Image Great Awakening]
• [Image Methodist societies]
• [Primary Source John Wesley, A Short History of Methodism]
• [Image J.C. Lavate]

2. The Philosophes
• [Primary Source Voltaire, Philosophical Dictionary]
• [Image Philosophes]
• [Primary Source Jonathan Swift, Advice to the Grub Street Verse-Writers]
• [Primary Source London Gazette, 1692]
• [Primary Source Coffeehouse]
• [Image Reading]
• [Primary Source On Julie de Lespinasse]
• [Image Encyclopedie]
• [Image Denis Diderot]
• [Primary Source Marquis di Beccaria, Of Crimes and Punishments]
• [Primary Source Salon Life]

3. Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau
• [Image Montesquieu]
• [Primary Source Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws, 1748]
• [Image Voltaire]
• [Primary Source Jean-Jacques Rousseau Origin of Inequality Among Men, 1755]
• [Primary Source Rousseau, Social Contract, 1762]
• [Image Rousseau]

4. Political Economists
• [Image Quesnay]
• [Primary Source Adam Smith, Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations]

5. Main Currents of Enlightenment Thought
• [Primary Source Condorcet, Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind]

XXXVII. Enlightened Despotism: France, Austria, Prussia

1. The Meaning of Enlightened Despotism

2. The Failure of Enlightened Despotism in France
• [Image Louis XVI]

3. Austria: The Reforms of Maria Theresa (1740-1780) and of Joseph II (1780-1790)
• [Primary Source Description of the Empress Maria Theresa, 1749]
• [Image Maria Theresa]
• [Virtual Tour] Schonbrunn Castle]
• [Image Joseph II]
• [Image Leopold]

4. Prussia under Frederick the Great (1740-1786)
• [Primary Source Frederick the Great, Essay on Forms of Government]

5. Prussia society remained stratified

XXXVIII. Enlightened Despotism: Russia

1. Russia after Peter the Great
• [Image St. Petersburg of Peter I and Catherine I]

2. Catherine the Great (1762-1796): Domestic Program
• [Primary Sources] Domestic Program]
• [Primary Source Instructions of Catherine II to the Legislative Commission, 1767]
• [Primary Sources] Alexander Radishchev, Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, 1790]

3. Catherine the Great: Foreign Affairs
• [Map Russian expansion]

4. The Limitations of Enlightened Despotism

XXXIX. New Stirrings: The British Reform Movement

1. Onset of an Age of "Democratic Revolution"

2. The English-Speaking Countries: Parliament and Reform
• [Image The House of Commons, 1741]

3. Parliamentary reformers
• [Map Parliamentary Representation before 1832]

4. Scotland, Ireland, India
• [Primary Source Declaration of United Irishmen]
• [Primary Source Act of Union]
• [Map British India]

XXXX. The American Revolution

1. Background to the Revolution
• [Primary Source Stamp Act]
• [Primary Source Boston Tea Party]
• [Primary Source Edmund Burke, Speech on conciliation with America, 1775]

2. The War of American Independence
• [Image George Washington]
• [Primary Source Declaration of Independence]

3. Significance of the Revolution

XXVII. The Partitions of Poland

• [Primary Source Division of Poland]