Economics: Today and Tomorrow © 2012Chapter 12:
The American Labor ForceChapter OverviewsSection 1: Americans at Work
Workers are categorized in several ways. One way is to define workers by the type of work they do. These workers can be classified as blue-collar, white-collar, or service workers. A second way to define workers is by the level or training or education needed for their jobs. These workers can be classified as unskilled workers, semiskilled workers, skilled workers, or professionals. In labor markets, wages are affected by supply and demand, variations in skill levels, job conditions, and work locations. Section 2: Organized Labor
In the late 1800s, American workers established labor unions to improve their wages and working conditions, which were often difficult or dangerous. This labor movement, however, has been met with resistance. In the mid-1930s, Congress began to regulate labor-management relations. Labor unions can exist as local unions, as national or international unions, or as federations. Section 3: Collective Bargaining
Collective bargaining is the process by which unions and employers negotiate the conditions of employment. If negotiations become hostile, labor and management may try mediation or arbitration. If this process breaks down further, unions may take other steps such as picketing or boycotting, and management may use lockouts or injunctions against strikers. Union membership has declined over the past decades.  | 
