1 The basic building blocks of all matter are:A) gases. B) liquids. C) elements. D) solids. 2 Over 90% of the human body is comprised of the elements:A) carbon, hydrogen, sodium and nitrogen B) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen C) oxygen, hydrogen, iron and calcium D) sodium, iron, calcium and oxygen 3 Na is the chemical symbol for:A) chlorine B) nitrogen C) oxygen D) sodium 4 K is the chemical symbol for:A) calcium B) phosphorous C) potassium D) sodium 5 The smallest unit of an element that has all the properties of that element is a(an):A) atom. B) gas. C) molecule. D) isotope. 6 Identify the subatomic particles found within the nucleus of an atom.A) protons and electron B) electrons and neutrons C) positrons and electrons D) protons and neutrons 7 Identify the subatomic particle that is negatively charged.A) electron B) proton C) nucleus D) neutron 8 The subatomic particle that has a mass of 1 amu and has no charge is the:A) electron B) proton C) nucleus D) neutron 9 If a neutral atom has 12 protons, how many electrons does it have?A) 24 B) 12 C) 8 D) 10 10 An atom of carbon has 6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electrons. What is the mass number of this isotope of carbon?A) 6 B) 9 C) 12 D) 18 11 An atom of nitrogen has 7 protons and 7 neutrons. What is the atomic number of nitrogen?A) 7 B) 14 C) 21 D) 49 12 What subatomic particle(s) determine(s) the chemical properties of an atom?A) protons B) neutrons C) electrons D) protons and neutrons 13 Different isotopes of a particular element have different numbers of _________.A) protons B) electrons C) neutrons D) ions 14 Atoms with more than one energy shell or energy level are most stable when the ______ shell has ______ electrons.A) innermost: 6 B) outermost: 8 C) innermost: 2 D) outermost: 2 15 Which of the following is NOT a use of high level radiation?A) sterilizing medical and dental products B) sterilizing the U.S. mail C) killing cancer cells D) radioactive tracers 16 A radioactive isotope which is intentionally put into a human body for the purpose of watching it within the person and then follow metabolic functions is called a(n) ________.A) Isotope B) Geiger C) Tracer D) Neutrons 17 Atoms can bond with each other to form a chemical "unit" called a(an) _____________.A) molecule B) electron C) attraction D) inorganic matter 18 Particles that have either a positive or a negative charge are called:A) reactions B) ions C) compound D) molecule 19 Covalent bonds result from ________ and ionic bonds result from _________.A) isotope formation, ionization B) the sharing of electrons, the attraction between opposite charges C) positive charges, negative charges D) inorganic attractions, organic attractions 20 Ions are formed when an atom gains or loses:A) electrons B) neutrons C) protons D) electrons or neutrons 21 A double covalent bond occurs when two atoms share:A) 2 electrons B) 2 pairs of electrons C) 2 neutrons D) 2 pairs of neutrons 22 The most abundant molecule in living things is:A) carbon dioxide B) oxygen C) water D) nitrogen monoxide 23 What type of bond is formed when two atoms share electrons unequally?A) Hydrogen bond B) Ionic bond C) Non-polar covalent bond D) Polar covalent bond 24 What type of bond is formed when two atoms share electrons equally?A) Hydrogen bond B) Ionic bond C) Non-polar covalent bond D) Polar covalent bond 25 Which of the following does NOT describe a water molecule?A) Covalently bonded B) A polar molecule C) Inorganic D) An ionic compound 26 Which of the following is NOT a property of water?A) It can absorb only small quantities of heat without heating up. B) It can dissolve most polar and ionic compounds. C) It's molecules are cohesive, yet they flow. D) It has a high heat of vaporization. 27 Water will cling to other surfaces due to hydrogen bonds. This property is refereed to as:A) adhesion B) cohesion C) vaporization D) ionization 28 What type of bond forms between water molecules?A) Hydrogen bond B) Ionic bond C) Non-polar covalent bond D) Polar covalent bond 29 What type of substances will dissolve in water?A) Non-polar molecules only B) Polar molecules only C) Non-polar molecules and ions D) Polar molecules and ions 30 A solution with a pH of 3 would be:A) acidic. B) basic. C) neutral. 31 A solution with a pH of 11 would beA) acidic. B) basic. C) neutral. 32 A substance that either takes up hydrogen ions or releases hydroxide ions in water is a(an)A) acid. B) base. C) buffer. D) isotope. 33 An acid is a substance that:A) releases hydrogen ions B) accepts hydrogen ions C) maintains a stable pH D) neutralizes a solution 34 pH is a measurement of the concentration of _____ in solution.A) acids B) bases C) hydrogen ions D) sodium ions 35 A chemical substance that helps keep the pH from drastically changing is a(an)A) acid. B) base. C) buffer. D) isotope. 36 As pH increases, the concentration of ______ ions _______.A) hydrogen; decreases B) hydrogen; increases C) sodium; decreases D) sodium; increases 37 A chemical substance that releases ions in water is a(an)A) electrolyte. B) isotope. C) carbohydrate. D) lipid. 38 Normal blood pH is:A) 2.2 B) 6.8 C) 7.0 D) 7.4 39 Acidosis is a condition where blood pH is:A) greater than 7.0 B) less than 7.0 C) greater than 7.45 D) less than 7.35 40 Identify the 4 classes of macromolecules important to life.A) carbohydrates, electrolytes, lipids and water B) electrolytes, lipids, proteins and water C) carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins D) electrolytes, proteins, nucleic acids and water 41 A polymer is a large molecule composed of smaller subunits called:A) buffers B) macromolecules C) monomers D) monosaccharides 42 Identify the macromolecule that has a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms.A) Carbohydrates B) Lipids C) Nucleic acids D) Proteins 43 Identify the monomer of carbohydrates.A) Amino acids B) Fatty acids and glycerol C) Monosaccharides D) Nucleotides 44 The molecule that body cells use as an immediate source of energy is:A) amino acids B) deoxyribonucleic acid C) fatty acids D) glucose 45 The result from the hydrolysis of a disaccharide is:A) a polysaccharide B) two amino acids C) two monosaccharides D) two nucleotides 46 The monosaccharide found in fruit is:A) glycogen B) lactose C) sucrose D) fructose 47 What polysaccharide is the storage form of glucose in animals?A) cellulose B) starch C) sucrose D) glycogen 48 The macromolecule that has functions that include formation of the majority of membranes, hormones and a primary long-term energy storage molecule is:A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) nucleic acids D) proteins 49 The storage form of glucose in plants is:A) cellulose B) starch C) sucrose D) glycogen 50 The macromolecule that contains the most energy per gram is:A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) nucleic acids D) proteins 51 The polysaccharide that cannot be digested by humans, but may help prevent colon cancer is:A) cellulose B) starch C) maltose D) glycogen 52 Fats are generally ____ at room temperature, while oils are generally _____ at room temperature.A) yellow; white B) solids; liquids C) liquids; solids D) white; yellow 53 Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids in the body?A) insulate against heat loss B) provide long-term energy storage C) form part of the cell membrane D) provide genetic information 54 Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid?A) glycogen B) steroids C) triglycerides D) phospholipids 55 Identify the main component of cell membranes.A) cholesterol B) fatty acids C) phospholipids D) polysaccharides 56 Which of the following is NOT a lipid?A) Amino acids B) Fats C) Phospholipids D) Steroids 57 A molecule comprised to two amino acids is called a(n):A) dipeptide B) disaccharide C) polypeptide D) protein 58 Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?A) forming antibodies B) allowing movement C) forming enzymes D) creating energy 59 Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?A) forming hormones B) forming monosaccharides C) forming transport molecules D) forming hair and nails 60 The building blocks of proteins areA) nucleic acids. B) amino acids. C) fatty acids. D) glycerol. 61 How many different amino acids can be used to make human proteins?A) 10 B) 12 C) 20 D) 24 62 The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is the ______ structure.A) quaternary B) tertiary C) secondary D) primary 63 Two or more polypeptide chains that are associated give the protein its _______ structure.A) primary B) tertiary C) quaternary D) secondary 64 The destruction of a protein's shape caused by heat or pH changes is calledA) denaturation. B) radiation. C) saturation. D) unsaturation. 65 Protein catalysts are known as:A) acids B) buffers C) enzymes D) genes 66 Enzymes allow reactions to occur at normal body temperatures by:A) decreasing pH B) 2 increasing pH C) 3 decreasing energy of activation D) increasing energy of activation 67 A reaction that joins smaller molecules or elements to form a larger, more complex product is a _______ reaction.A) degradation. B) replacement C) synthesis D) decomposition 68 A hydrolysis reaction that breaks down macromolecules is also calledA) synthesis. B) degradation. C) composition. D) replacement. 69 A dehydration synthesis reaction used to make proteins is also calledA) synthesis. B) degradation. C) decomposition. D) replacement. 70 Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?A) pentose sugar B) phosphate group C) nitrogen-containing base D) amino acid 71 The rungs of a DNA ladder are made ofA) alternating sugar and phosphate. B) complementary base pairs. C) alternating uracil and phosphate. D) none of the above. 72 In DNA, adenine is always paired withA) uracil. B) thymine. C) cytosine. D) guanine. 73 The shape of the DNA molecule is described as aA) double helix. B) double circle. C) straight strand. D) none of the above. 74 The genetic code tells cells how to makeA) carbohydrates. B) lipids. C) proteins. D) cholesterol. 75 The energy carrier molecule in cells isA) ATP. B) DNA. C) RNA. D) glucose. 76 The breakdown of one molecule of glucose will generate ____ ATP molecules for cell use.A) 26 B) 30 C) 36 D) 50