1 A) wave of longitudinal muscle contractions followed by circular muscle contractions moving down the body B) wave of hydrostatic pressure beginning with the lowering of anterior pressure moving down the body C) wave of circular muscle contractions followed by longitudinal muscle contractions moving down the body D) chaetae attaching the body to the ground and contracting in waves down the body 2 A) secrete alkaline phosphatase B) can turn into osteocytes C) can turn into osteoclasts D) are not associated with collagen fibers E) both secrete alkaline phosphatise AND can turn into osteocytes 3 A) true B) false 4 A) release of calcium ions from troponin B) binding of calcium ions to tropomyosin C) binding of calcium ions to troponin D) release of calcium ions from tropomyosin E) none of the selections 5 A) Their wings are convex creating negative pressure on top and positive pressure below. This pressure difference makes the wings move without stimulation from nerved. B) The contraction of one set of muscles stretches the other set without the need for nervous system stimulation. C) Their wings are concave creating negative pressure below and positive pressure above. This pressure difference makes the wings move without stimulation from nerved. D) The nerves the initiate the process release enough transmitter into the wing- muscle synapses to move the wings through more than one contraction. 6 A) fungi B) arthropods C) exoskeleton D) endoskeleton E) protists (some) 7 A) There are two ways bone develops: endochondral and intramembranous. B) In intramembranous development, osteocytes arrange themselves along collagenous fibers. C) Bones formed through endochondral development are usually found deeper in the body such as ribs and pelvis. D) Bone formed through intramembranous development are flat bones such as the skull and jaw. E) All of the statements are correct. 8 A) ball-and-socket B) gliding joint C) sliding joint D) combination joint E) hinge joint 9 A) true B) false 10 A) true B) false 11 A) between Z lines B) A bands C) I bands D) H bands E) None of the noted bands shorten. 12 A) troponin and actin B) tropomyosin and myosin C) myosin and troponin D) myosin and actin E) actin and tropomyosin 13 A) a short relaxation time between successive muscle twitches B) the division of muscle into motor units C) slow-and fast-twitch fibers D) summation of muscle twitches E) All selections are required for coordinated movement. 14 A) norepinephrine B) dopamine C) glumate D) acetylcholine E) endorphins 15 A) transverse tubules B) sarcolemma C) muscle cell membranes D) canaliculi E) sarcoplasmic reticulum 16 A) with cartilage B) to the periosteum C) tendon D) joints E) tendon or periosteum 17 A) found in endochondral bone B) Haversian lamellae are found in endochondral bone C) Haversian canals may contain blood vessels but always contain nerve fibers D) Haversian canals are found in endochondral bone 18 A) fibroblasts B) chondroblasts C) osteoblasts D) osteocytes E) chondrocytes 19 A) periosteum B) canaliculi C) medullary cavity D) epiphysis E) Sharpey's fibers 20 A) When ATP is hydrolyzed, the conformation of actin is changed. B) ATP blocks the formation of the cross-bridge. C) When ATP is hydrolyzed, the conformation of myosin is changed. D) Once the cross-bridge is formed, the hydrolysis of ATP initiates the power stroke 21 A) In addition to type I and type II fibers, human muscles have an intermediate form. B) Skeletal muscle fibers can be divided into slow-twitch and fast -twitch fibers. C) Fast-twitch muscles are rich in capillary supply, mitochondria and myoglobin. D) Human sprinters have more fast-twitch fibers than slow-twitch.
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