63. Backgrounds: The Idea of the Nation-State

1. The Crimean War, 1854-1856
• [Primary Source Alfred Lord Tennyson, The Charge of the Light Brigade]
• [Image Charge of the Light Brigade]
• [Image Napoleon III]

64. Cavour and the Italian War of 1859: The Unification of Italy

1. Italian Nationalism: The Program of Cavour
• [Image Roman Republic of 1849 discomforts the Pope and King of Piedmont]
• [Primary Source Documents of Italian Unification, 1846-61]
• [Image Garibaldi conquers Kingdom of Two Sicilies]

2. The Completion of Italian Unity
• [Image Giuseppe Garibaldi]
• [Image Conquest of south of Italy]
• [Image Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel]
• [Map Unification of Italy]
• [Primary Source King Victor Emmanuel, Address to Parliament, Rome, 1871]

3. Persistent Problems after Unification

65. The Founding of a German Empire and the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

1. The German States after 1848
• [Image Hamburg]
• [Map Confederation of 1815]
• [Map Zollverein]

2. Prussia in the 1860s: Bismarck
• [Primary Source Bismarck, Blood and Iron speech]

3. Bismarck's Wars: The North German Confederation, 1867

4. War with Denmark
• [Primary Source Helmuth von Moltke, On the Nature of War]
• [Image Battle of Koniggratz]
• [Image Austrian soldiers, 1866]

5. The Franco-Prussian War
• [Primary Source Ems Dispatch]
• [Image War fever in Paris, 1870]
• [Image Insurrection in Paris]

6. The German Empire, 1871
• [Primary Source Imperial Proclamation, 1871]
• [Image Kaiser Wilhelm I]
• [Map German Empire, 1871]
• [Image Reichstag building]

7. The Habsburg Empire after 1848
• [Image Francis Joseph, 1854]

8. The Compromise of 1867
• [Primary Source Count von Beust, Memoirs of the Ausgleich, 1867]
• [Primary Source Austrian Constitution of 1867]
• [Image King-Emperor Franz Joseph, 1879]
• [Map Nationalities of Hungary, 1886]

66. Tsarist Russia: Social Change and the Limits of Political Reform

1. Tsarist Russia after 1856
• [Image Russian serfs]

2. The Emancipation Act of 1861 and Other Reforms
• [Image mir]
• [Primary Source Novgorod Zemstvo]

3. Revolutionism in Russia
• [Image Mikhail Bakunin]
• [Primary Source Catechism of a Revolutionist]
• [Primary Source Assassination of Alexander II, 1881]

67. Nation-Building in the wider Atlantic world: The United States and Canada

1. Immigration, Civil War, and National Consolidation in the United States
• [Map/Primary Source Tocqueville's Tour]
• [Image Taking the Census]
• [Image Early immigrants as Americans]


• [Primary Source Lowell Mill Girls]
• [Primary Source Lowell mill work schedule, 1853]
• [Image Raising cotton in South]
• [Image Mexican-American War, 1846]
• [Primary Source Fugitive Slave Act, 1850]
• [Image Wendell Phillips Speaks Against the Fugitive Slave Law, 1851]
• [Map Slave and Free States, 1856]
• [Image Abraham Lincoln]
• [Primary Source Constitution of the Confederate States of America]
• [Image Confederate dead, Gettysburg, 1863]
• [Primary Source Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address]
• [Image Austrian archduke Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico]
• [Primary Source Emancipation Proclamation, 1862]


• [Image Procession in Washington, DC celebrating abolition, 1866]
• [Primary Source Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, 1866]
• [Image Union Pacific railroad completed, 1869]
• [Image Vanderbilt Mansion, Fifth Avenue, New York City]

2. The Dominion of Canada: A New Model for Decolonization
• [Image United Empire Loyalists]
• [Primary Source Quebec Act of 1774]
• [Map British North America, 1791]
• [Image 1837 rebellion]


• [Primary Source British North America Act]
• [Image The Fathers of Confederation]
• [Image Uncle Sam Kicked Out]