AP Biology (Mader), 11th Edition

Chapter 35: Respiratory Systems

Learning Outcomes

35.1 Gas Exchange Surfaces

1. Distinguish between ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.
2. Compare and contrast the gas-exchange mechanisms of hydras, earthworms, insects, aquatic vertebrates, and terrestrial vertebrates.
3. Trace the path of a molecule of oxygen as it passes from the human nose to an alveolus.

35.2 Breathing and Transport of Gases

1. Compare the mechanisms used by amphibians, mammals, and birds to inflate their lungs.
2. Explain how the breathing rate in humans is influenced by both physical and chemical factors.
3. Describe how carbon dioxide (CO₂) is carried in the blood, and the effect that blood P_CO2 has on blood pH.

35.3 Respiration and Human Health

1. Describe several common disorders that mainly affect the upper respiratory tract, and several that affect the lower respiratory tract.
2. Classify several common respiratory disorders according to whether they are mainly caused by allergies, infections, a genetic defect, or toxin exposure.