AP Biology (Mader), 11th Edition

Chapter 32: Circulation and Cardiovascular Systems

Learning Outcomes

32.1 Transport in Invertebrates

1. Describe the common features that determine why invertebrates, such as sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms, do not require a circulatory system.
2. Explain two differences between blood and hemolymph.
3. Compare and contrast the open circulatory system of an arthropod with the closed system of an annelid.

32.2 Transport in Vertebrates

1. Distinguish the structure and functions of arteries, veins, and capillaries.
2. Compare the path of blood in animals with a one-circuit circulatory pathway vs. a two-circuit pathway.
3. Identify the number of atria and ventricles in each type of vertebrate animal: fish, amphibians, most reptiles, crocodilians, birds, and mammals.

32.3 The Human Cardiovascular System

1. List the major components of the human heart, including the four chambers and four valves.
2. Trace the path of blood through the human heart, lungs, and major vessels leading to the lower leg.
3. Discuss how the SA and AV nodes control the contractions of the heart muscle, and how these electrical changes result in the characteristic patterns seen in an ECG.
4. Describe the major categories of cardiovascular disease that occur in the United States.

32.4 Blood

1. List the major types of blood cells, and their functions.
2. Identify the major cellular and molecular events that result in a blood clot.
3. Compare and contrast the ABO and Rh blood classification systems.
4. Define capillary exchange, and describe the two major forces involved.