Marine Biology (Castro), 8th Edition

Chapter 18: The Impact of Humans on the Marine Environment

Chapter Quiz

1
Mangrove forests in the tropics are being destroyed for human uses such as shrimp farming.
A)True
B)False
2
An example of an activity that can damage nearby marine habitats is
A)Dumping dredge spoils.
B)Treating sewage.
C)Creating artificial reefs.
D)Recycling plastics.
3
Bleached corals
A)Always die.
B)Do not grow.
C)Lose all of their zooxanthellae.
D)Are the result of murky water.
4
Coral bleaching occurs primarily when coral polyps and their zooxanthellae are dead.
A)True
B)False
5
Trawling damages soft-bottom communities by
A)Removing short-living species.
B)Creating scars that offer shelter for predators.
C)Stirring up the bottom and smothering animals.
D)Breaking off larger attached animal colonies.
6
For a very short time, eutrophication is beneficial to
A)Seagrasses.
B)Corals.
C)Phytoplankton.
D)Fisheries.
7
Eutrophication occurs when excess nutrients enter the ocean and feed decay bacteria, which deplete oxygen.
A)True
B)False
8
Dumping of sludge (treated sewage) into the oceans has relatively little effect on marine life compared to dumping of raw sewage.
A)True
B)False
9
At one time, it was thought that ocean currents and the actions of detrital feeding animals would break down sewage sludge at disposal areas. What is the main reason why this does not happen?
A)There is too much organic matter from the animals to handle the problem.
B)There are too many nutrients in the sludge.
C)There are no bacteria in the sludge.
D)Fish get diseases from eating sludge.
10
Oil spilled into the ocean may last for years, but not forever because some of it evaporates and natural bacteria break down the rest.
A)True
B)False
11
Oil spills can kill seabirds and some marine mammals by reducing their ability to retain heat.
A)True
B)False
12
Feminization of male fish has been linked to chemicals in sewage. The chemicals are from the urine of women on birth control pills.
A)True
B)False
13
Most of the polluting oil in North America comes from tanker and pipeline spills.
A)True
B)False
14
Spilled oil degrades most slowly
A)At the sea's surface.
B)In salt marshes.
C)On the sea floor.
D)On beaches.
15
To rescue an oil-covered bird, a volunteer not only must remove the oil but
A)Feed it bacteria that digest oil.
B)Keep the bird warm.
C)Release the bird back into its natural habitat as soon as possible.
D)Keep the bird in isolation.
16
Because of biological magnification, which of these animals would accumulate the most pesticides per body weight?
A)Filter-feeding clam
B)Small fish
C)Grazing snail
D)Bald eagle
17
Not all threatened or rare marine species have been over-exploited for food, hides or oil. For what other purpose have many been taken and killed?
A)Decorations and souvenirs
B)Production of pharmaceutical agents
C)Use in cosmetics
D)Scientific research
18
You would be most likely to find lead in the environment near which of these sites?
A)Pesticide-producing factory
B)Coal-burning plant
C)Dump for old electronic equipment
D)Site of an old marine fueling dock
19
The major human source of global warming is
A)Use of aerosols.
B)Emissions of sulfates from power plants.
C)Burning fossil fuels.
D)Tropical agriculture.
20
A great drop in atmospheric ozone levels, thought to be caused by CFCs, currently occurs over Antarctica.
A)True
B)False
21
Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide may be increasing the earth's temperature because this gas absorbs more infrared radiation from space coming from the sun.
A)True
B)False
22
As chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides enter a marine food chain, about 80-90% are degraded or lost at each trophic step (similar to the loss in production).
A)True
B)False
23
One major result of the use of DDT as a pesticide was a large reduction in the reproduction rate of some marine birds due to weakened eggshell production.
A)True
B)False
24
The use of DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides has been banned worldwide, and the problems they caused are now gone.
A)True
B)False
25
PCBs can evaporate, condense upon cooling, and then get carried to the surface by precipitation, so that these toxins now are found in high concentrations in polar regions.
A)True
B)False
26
The heavy metal mercury is more dangerous as an organic compound than as a metal.
A)True
B)False
27
The seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia is a pest because it
A)Releases toxins into the water.
B)Invades and clogs pipes.
C)Smothers native species.
D)Harbors disease-causing bacteria.
28
Radioactive waste must be ingested to have effects on marine life.
A)True
B)False
29
Though marine thermal pollution is detrimental in the tropics, it is not much of a problem in colder regions because the increase in heat boosts ocean productivity.
A)True
B)False
30
The European green crab is an example of a widespread alien species since now it is found in non-native habitats on both coasts of North America and in the southern hemisphere.
A)True
B)False
31
One of the major contributors to the spread of exotic or alien species is ship ballast water.
A)True
B)False
32
The size and shape of barrier islands
A)Are always changing.
B)Can be controlled by building seawalls and jetties.
C)Are stabilized by dunes for long periods of time.
D)remain the same unless the land is developed.
33
If one intends to attempt habitat restoration, one must not
A)Use artificial substrates, such as concrete blocks.
B)Reopen connections to the open sea.
C)Introduce invasive species.
D)Release small fishes that were raised in culture.
34
Threatened or endangered species include whales, sea turtles, and some shark species.
A)True
B)False
35
Sustainable development refers to human use of resources that meet today's needs without affecting the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
A)True
B)False
36
Planting vegetation that helps stabilize sand is a way to control beach erosion.
A)True
B)False
37
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species and the U.S. Customs Office have laws that prevent travelers from bringing back endangered species or their products to the U.S.A. Which of these items do you think is legal to bring back with you?
A)Dried corals
B)Soap containing seaweed extracts
C)Shells of sea turtles
D)Canned whale meat
38
All of the following threaten or destroy coral reefs except for which activity?
A)Dynamite and cyanide fishing
B)Clearing of terrestrial forest for agriculture
C)Reducing the amount of fertilizers used in farms and gardens
D)Over-collecting corals and sea shells
39
The term endangered species is defined as
A)A species in decline due to human activities.
B)A species not in immediate danger of extinction, but potentially becoming so.
C)A species in immediate danger of extinction.
D)A species with a low number of individuals.
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