Marine Biology (Castro), 8th Edition

Chapter 16: The Ocean Depths

Chapter Quiz

1
The mesopelagic, which is characterized by no sunlight, begins at about 200 m deep.
A)True
B)False
2
The three zones of the deep sea in increasing depth are:
A)Bathypelagic, abyssopelagic, hadal
B)Mesopelagic, epipelagic, abyssopelagic
C)Abyssopelagic, hadal, Bathypelagic,
D)Epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic
3
The Deep Sea Benthos is always below the hadopelagic zone.
A)True
B)False
4
Nautilus achieves neutral buoyancy through
A)Removing ions from chambers in its shell.
B)Moving lipids between chambers in its shell.
C)Jet propulsion.
D)A thin, light shell.
5
Mesopelagic organisms are dominated by
A)Cnidarians, chaetognaths, crustaceans, fishes, and squids.
B)Diatoms, copepods, chaetognaths, and fishes.
C)Copepods, cephalopods, and large fishes.
D)Medusae, ctenophores, copepods, and squids.
6
A biologist takes a surface plankton tow at night. Which of these animals caught in the tow surely is a vertically migrating mesopelagic animal?
A)A chaetognath
B)A squid with photophores
C)A filter-feeding fish colored dark above and light below
D)The larval stage of a barnacle
7
The most common fish species of the mesopelagic is characterized by a small size, many sharp teeth, and a row of ventral (belly) photophores.
A)True
B)False
8
A whalefish is a mesopelagic fish with no scales, weak bones, and flabby flesh. What can you conclude about its lifestyle?
A)It migrates vertically.
B)It must be an active swimmer.
C)It eats detritus.
D)It is a sit-and-wait predator.
9
Vertically migrating mesopelagic animals encounter
A)Large changes in temperature.
B)Anoxic water below the thermocline.
C)High primary productivity at depth.
D)No light at all.
10
Unlike epipelagic fishes, some midwater fishes with tubular eyes have
A)Two tiny eyes.
B)A retina only at the back of the eye.
C)Poor vision in any direction.
D)Good vision in dim light.
11
The sonar echoes of the Deep Sea Layer (DSL) are due to
A)Exoskeletons of shrimp.
B)Bones in fishes.
C)gas-filled swim bladders.
D)Shells of pteropods.
12
Bioluminescence can have a role in all of these functions except which one?
A)Mate attraction
B)Confusing predators
C)Orienting to the surface during vertical migration
D)Luring prey
13
Notostomus is a shrimp with tiny eyes, huge gills, a soft exoskeleton, and a bright red color. Where might it live?
A)In the mesopelagic zone
B)At or near the oxygen minimum zone
C)On the sea floor
D)By hydrothermal vents
14
In an experiment with a mesopelagic shrimp with blinders, the animal increased the light output of its ventral (underside) photophores when exposed to brighter light.
A)True
B)False
15
Bathypelagic fishes usually have photophores on the head and sides of the body instead of on the ventral surface.
A)True
B)False
16
Fishes of the deep pelagic, such as the anglerfish, cruise constantly in search of scarce food.
A)True
B)False
17
To find a mate, a male deep-sea anglerfish uses
A)Color patterns.
B)Light patterns from rows of photophores.
C)A powerful sense of smell.
D)Touch.
18
Even if it can tolerate low food concentration and cold water, a fish from the epipelagic realm would die at extreme depths because of the effects of
A)Low oxygen.
B)Pressure.
C)Salinity changes.
D)Stratification.
19
The Oxygen Minimum Layer results from respiration and bacterial decay coupled with lack of photosynthesis.
A)True
B)False
20
Like most benthic life in the oceans, deep-sea benthic invertebrates typically produce millions of larvae that drift in the epipelagic plankton before settling down as adults.
A)True
B)False
21
In fishes, bioluminescence is produced by
A)Special glands.
B)Ink sacs.
C)Photophores.
D)Chromatophores.
22
Which is a feature of the animals of the deep sea benthos?
A)All are much smaller than shallow-water species.
B)They always move slowly, even if a large piece of food is nearby.
C)They have short life spans.
D)They often have few, large eggs.
23
Among the most common large deep-sea benthic deposit feeders are
A)Sea cucumbers.
B)Sea spiders.
C)Sponges.
D)Ostracods.
24
Which of these animals probably lives on the deep-sea floor?
A)A small, thin fish with large teeth and rows of photophores
B)A shrimp carrying several hundred small eggs
C)A suspension-feeding clam
D)A scavenging amphipod with an expandable gut
25
Unusual shrimp found around some Atlantic hydrothermal vents have light-sensitive patches on their upper surface that may help them find vents.
A)True
B)False
26
A species accumulation curve has been used to predict that the number of possible Deep Sea Benthos species is
A)1,000 – 10,000.
B)10,000 – 100,000.
C)100,000 – 1,000,000.
D)1,000,000 – 10,000,000.
27
Hydrogen sulfide and oxygen at the hydrothermal vents can be considered analogous to water and sunlight in photosynthesis.
A)True
B)False
28
At cooler vents associated with trenches, one can find thick mats of archaea and bacteria.
A)True
B)False
29
Primary producers at hydrothermal vents include
A)Psychrophilic bacteria.
B)Cyanobacteria.
C)Chemosynthetic archaea.
D)Decomposing bacteria.
30
Shrimp at hydrothermal vents
A)Do not feed, but rely on symbiotic bacteria for nutrition.
B)Filter-feed on bacteria in the water column.
C)Eat tube worms.
D)Digest microbes scraped from minerals.
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