Marine Biology (Castro), 8th Edition

Chapter 15: Life Near the Surface

Chapter Quiz

1
In the pelagic realm, most primary production occurs in the epipelagic neritic zone.
A)True
B)False
2
Primary production is highest
A)Throughout the photic zone.
B)In the photic zone of neritic waters.
C)In the photic zone of oceanic waters.
D)Only at the air-water interface.
3
The planktonic animals that divers are likely to see are
A)Phytoplankton.
B)Megaplankton.
C)Macroplankton.
D)Meroplankton.
4
Picoplankton-sized primary producers in the epipelagic are dominated by prochlorophytes and cyanobacteria.
A)True
B)False
5
Krill are not as numerous as copepods but are more likely to be eaten by large consumers such as birds, fishes, and whales.
A)True
B)False
6
The smallest phytoplankton organisms are eaten by animals such as salps and larvaceans that use mucus to trap them.
A)True
B)False
7
Nitrogen-fixing phytoplankton may be
A)Trichodesmium.
B)Diatoms.
C)Dinoflagellates.
D)Sargassum.
8
Many copepods feed by
A)filter-feeding.
B)Creating water currents that draw in cells.
C)Using their antennae to strain the water.
D)Hopping on top of their prey.
9
Members of the holoplankton spend part of their life cycle in the plankton and their adult lives on the sea floor.
A)True
B)False
10
Protozoans such as foraminiferans are considered to be zooplankton because
A)They are eukaryotic.
B)They are multicellular.
C)They belong to the Kingdom Animalia.
D)They graze on other types of plankton.
11
Planktivorous nekton are the smaller species of fast-swimming animals.
A)True
B)False
12
The zoea larva of a crab is planktonic, and is an example of
A)Meroplankton.
B)Holoplankton.
C)Picoplankton.
D)Phytoplankton.
13
Salps and larvaceans
A)Are chordates, like the tunicates.
B)Are gelatinous medusae.
C)Start life as bottom-dwelling larvae.
D)Use tentacles to catch prey.
14
To stay afloat, which of these means is not effective?
A)Flat shape
B)Storing oil
C)Using bubbles
D)Streamlining
15
Drag that slows sinking can be increased with spines and flat shapes.
A)True
B)False
16
Vertically migrating zooplankton
A)Stop migrating if predators are not present.
B)Come to the surface by day.
C)Rarely live at more than 10 m.
D)Feed while at depth, not at the surface.
17
Lipids are a major form of energy storage material that adds buoyancy to epipelagic organisms such as copepods and diatoms.
A)True
B)False
18
Many zooplankton animals such as jellyfish and salps are dark blue or green on top and white or silver on the bottom.
A)True
B)False
19
Zooplankton are too small to be effective vertical migrators, since this behavior involves a long-distance swim each day.
A)True
B)False
20
The growth of phytoplankton in many temperate waters is characterized by
A)An annual peak in the summer, when light is most optimal; and an annual low in the winter, when light, but not nutrients, is limiting.
B)An annual peak in the spring, when nutrients and light are both sufficient; and an annual low in the winter, when light, but not nutrients, is limiting.
C)An annual peak in the summer, when light is most optimal; and an annual low in the winter, when light and nutrients are limiting.
D)An annual peak in the spring, when nutrients and light are both sufficient; and an annual low in the winter, when light and nutrients are limiting.
21
Much of the DOM in the ocean comes from
A)Detritus.
B)Bacteria.
C)The activities of viruses.
D)Chlorophyll.
22
To keep tunas and other pelagic fishes on display, public aquarium use big circular tanks. This is because
A)Pelagic fishes usually swim in circles.
B)These fishes have no adaptations to avoid solid physical structures, such as walls.
C)The fishes prefer to swim away from viewers.
D)Circular tanks provide better hiding place than square ones.
23
To achieve neutral buoyancy, a shark uses its
A)Swim bladder.
B)Gas float.
C)Oily liver.
D)Exclusion of heavy ions.
24
The lateral line of fishes detects vibrations in the water.
A)True
B)False
25
Red muscle in fishes is used for constant cruising, while white muscle is used for quick bursts of speed.
A)True
B)False
26
The rete mirabile is an arrangement of blood vessels that greatly reduces heat loss.
A)True
B)False
27
The fastest fishes have been clocked at speeds of 100 km/hour or more.
A)True
B)False
28
Tunas have all of these features except
A)Stiff fins.
B)Many scales.
C)A high, narrow tail.
D)Finlets.
29
Most epipelagic food chains are fairly simple chains readily described as "phytoplankton to zooplankton to nekton."
A)True
B)False
30
One of the shortest known pelagic food chains involves
A)Viruses and phytoplankton.
B)Phytoplankton and carnivorous copepods.
C)Krill and whales.
D)Small fishes and tuna.
31
Marine snow refers to the large amount of DOM in the oceans.
A)True
B)False
32
The major limiting nutrient in oceans overall is thought to be nitrogen.
A)True
B)False
33
Because the tropics are much warmer and have more sunlight, tropical waters are typically much more productive than polar and temperate waters.
A)True
B)False
34
Equatorial upwelling results from currents that converge at the Equator.
A)True
B)False
35
Which of these does not apply to areas with upwelling?
A)The water is rich in nutrients.
B)The water is cold.
C)Upwelling occurs year-round.
D)Fishing is good.
36
A beneficial result of an El Ni–o Event is
A)An increase in upwelling in the southeastern Pacific.
B)Lessening of storms.
C)An increase in warm-water fishes.
D)A decrease in diseases such as malaria.
37
Harmful algal blooms can cause all of these problems except
A)Release of poisons into the water.
B)Harboring bacteria that cause cholera.
C)Sore throats and eye irritation.
D)Water stratification.
38
The following is known to apply to red tides:
A)All red tides involve phytoplanktonic neurotoxins that do not kill shellfish, but may harm people that eat the shellfish.
B)All red tides involve phytoplankton that make neurotoxins harmful to all animals.
C)Only some involve phytoplankton neurotoxins that harm all animals including people.
D)Only some involve phytoplankton neurotoxins that do not kill shellfish, but may harm people that eat the shellfish.
39
In most temperate waters, how many blooms per year are there?
A)One that lasts all year
B)One in summer
C)Two: one in spring and one in fall
D)Four: one per season
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