1 The use of the padded collar allowed peasants to use horses and work more, which helped increase agricultural production.A) True B) False 2 Population growth led to environmental problems such as air pollution and poor water quality.A) True B) False 3 Communes were a democratic form of city government in which rich and poor citizens shared equal political power.A) True B) False 4 Jews were not permitted to settle in most medieval towns and were prohibited from participating in money-lending activities.A) True B) False 5 Men began to replace female weavers in cloth-making as the trade in textiles expanded.A) True B) False 6 The stained glass windows of Gothic churches, made with lead webs, provided crucial support for the new arches.A) True B) False 7 Dialectic was a form of reasoning that used logic and questioning to explore issues.A) True B) False 8 Bernard of Clairvaux used Aristotle's ideas to study God with the use of reason.A) True B) False 9 Women had traditionally worked as healers but, with the advent of university training for medicine, women were excluded from the profession.A) True B) False 10 By the thirteenth century, the castles of nobles were designed as much for comfort as for defense.A) True B) False 11 The church tried to prohibit jousts, which often resulted in fatal injuries, but the nobles resisted these efforts.A) True B) False 12 Chansons de geste were a popular form of love song characterized by strong female characters.A) True B) False 13 The conquest of England by William the Conqueror made the English king a vassal of the French king.A) True B) False 14 King John signed the Magna Carta in 1215, assuring his successors of the right to tax their subjects without the consent of the nobility or Parliament.A) True B) False 15 The capture of Jerusalem by King Alfonso in 1085 led to the recovery of Greek learning among European scholars.A) True B) False 16 Louis IX of France was proclaimed a saint by the church and eventually died while on crusade.A) True B) False 17 The Italian city-states refused to accept the authority of German emperors and as a result, posed a constant obstacle to a consolidated German empire.A) True B) False 18 When Henry IV refused to submit to the authority of the papacy on the issue of investiture, Pope Gregory VII excommunicated him.A) True B) False 19 The crusader principalities served as outposts of western European culture in Palestine.A) True B) False 20 At times, the focus of the crusades shifted from the Holy Land to enemies within Christendom, such as Jews and Byzantines.A) True B) False 21 The Franciscans and Dominicans refused to submit to the authority of the pope, but their popularity was so great that the pope did not dare declare them heretics.A) True B) False 22 The Albigensians criticized the Christian belief that the material world was good and, as a result, were massacred by crusaders.A) True B) False 23 The Knights Templars were atheistic mercenaries hired by the Pope to fight the Muslims in the Holy Lands.A) True B) False 24 The Hanseatic League, formed in the late thirteenth century, was a military coalition of German principalities whose express goal was to invade and colonize Flanders.A) True B) False 25 Jews were excluded from the commercial banking practice of money-lending during the High Middle Ages.A) True B) False