1 In the Germanic tradition, law was created and administered by kings.A) True B) False 2 Germanic law assigned more value to child-bearing women than to post-menopausal women.A) True B) False 3 Theodore of Tarsus opposed the papacy's attempt to enhance its influence in Britain.A) True B) False 4 The Venerable Bede, like many scholars in classical and medieval times, did not distinguish between factual information and legends or rumors.A) True B) False 5 An Anglo-Saxon king required the approval of the Witan, a circle of wise men, in order to succeed to the throne.A) True B) False 6 Shire reeves, later called sheriffs, were accountable to earls, not the monarchy.A) True B) False 7 When Alfred and Guthrum divided England, Guthrum agreed to convert to Christianity.A) True B) False 8 Alfred encouraged learning among his people by translating literature into Old English.A) True B) False 9 The missi dominici that Charlemagne sent out to make his subjects conform to the law each consisted of a bishop and a nobleman.A) True B) False 10 Charlemagne used his relationship with the Islamic caliph, Harun Al Raschid, to overthrow the Byzantine Empress Irene.A) True B) False 11 To promote Christianity, Charlemagne founded schools, encouraged an educated clergy, and assembled a canon of books.A) True B) False 12 The reformers who established the Cluniac order wanted to free the monastery from the control of the papacy.A) True B) False 13 The different languages in which Charles the Bald and Louis the German pledged the Strasbourg Oaths indicated divisions within Charlemagne's empire that would increase with time.A) True B) False 14 The Carolingian empire was vulnerable to invaders in part because of the mismanagement of Louis the Pious's sons.A) True B) False 15 The Scandinavians became skilled seamen in part because they needed to supplement their agricultural produce.A) True B) False 16 The Vikings sailed all the way to North America, where they encountered natives they called Skraelings, who soon converted to Christianity and established peaceful trade relations with the Europeans.A) True B) False 17 One of the effects of invasions of the tenth and eleventh centuries was the separation of the church from local, secular life, as priests and bishops sought protection from Rome.A) True B) False 18 Along with goods and labor, serfs owed their lords military service.A) True B) False 19 The power of lords over their vassals increased as fiefs became hereditary in the ninth century.A) True B) False 20 Charlemagne married several times and kept concubines, but later, the church encouraged monogamy.A) True B) False 21 Peasant families rarely worked their own strips of land. Instead, they spent each day collectively tending to their lords' fields.A) True B) False 22 In the feudal system, a nobleman could be both a lord to someone below him and a vassal to someone above him.A) True B) False 23 By the end of the tenth century, economic, political and religious institutions across Europe had severely deteriorated in large part because of the Viking, Muslim and Magyar invasions.A) True B) False 24 By the eleventh century, Viking raids came to an end because a united front of European kingdoms crushed the Vikings' homelands.A) True B) False