The West in the World, 4th Edition (Sherman)

Chapter 14: A New World of Reason and Reform

Multiple Choice Quiz

1
In 1633, Galileo Galilei was forced by the Catholic Inquisition to deny his view that
A)the earth revolves around the sun.
B)the sun revolves around the earth.
C)one earth-day is the equivalent of 24 hours.
D)the earth is the center of the universe.
2
Which of the following is NOT one of Johannes Kepler's three laws of planetary motion?
A)The planets move in ellipses around the sun.
B)The planets' velocity varies according to their distance from the sun.
C)The planets rotate on their axes at the speed of light.
D)The physical relationship between the moving planets can be expressed mathematically.
3
The Catholic Church's reaction to the Copernican system was to
A)support it with church doctrine.
B)denounce it and put its supporters on trial.
C)fund the scientific work of its adherents.
D)popularize it through sermons.
4
Isaac Newton is most well-known for his discovery
A)of a heliocentric universe.
B)that common substances can be turned into gold through the science of alchemy.
C)that the moon's surface is rugged.
D)of the universal law of gravitation.
5
René Descartes' philosophical attempt to remove all assumptions about knowledge left him with what one reality from which he used deductive reasoning to draw conclusions?
A)"Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force varying inversely as the square of the distance between them and directly proportional to the product of their masses."
B)"I think, therefore I am."
C)"Evil doers who while living have done damage are of benefit after their death."
D)"The more learned, the more perverted."
6
In order to spread their ideas, scientific scholars were dependent upon all of the following EXCEPT
A)the printing press.
B)the opportunity to travel to and explore the New World.
C)the support of wealthy patrons.
D)exposure to and discussion of new ideas.
7
Enlightenment thinkers believed that an important element of any education was
A)court etiquette.
B)the methods of science.
C)Latin and Greek.
D)geography.
8
Enlightenment thinkers glorified Newton, because from his work they were able to conclude that
A)reason and nature were compatible.
B)the universe is heliocentric.
C)fire is an element.
D)all men are governed by reason.
9
The English philosopher John Locke concluded in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding that human learning is the result of
A)heredity.
B)human experiences.
C)divine revelation.
D)youthfulness and cerebral dexterity.
10
Religious nonconformity was a political threat during the seventeenth century because
A)it often led to public protests.
B)it motivated certain groups to emigrate to new lands.
C)shared religious principles served as a buttress to and inherent part of European political systems of the time.
D)it sparked the creation of new and extreme religious sects.
11
Voltaire and other French intellectuals idealized England in the early eighteenth century because
A)England had just defeated French forces in the North American French and Indian War.
B)they respected English social equality.
C)of its enviable navy.
D)they believed it offered greater individual freedom and admired its political system.
12
Intellectuals believed the eighteenth century was inaugurating a new, "modern" epoch of human history in which science and reason would bring
A)further discoveries.
B)mandatory education.
C)human progress.
D)universal suffrage.
13
Enlightenment thinkers believed that the guide for human thought and society-because of its laws, order, simplicity, and rationality-should be
A)nature.
B)a European monarch.
C)progress.
D)England.
14
The work that best summarizes Enlightenment thought in its entirety is
A)Voltaire's Candide.
B)the Encyclopedia.
C)the American Declaration of Independence.
D)Rousseau's The Social Contract.
15
The political philosophers Montesquieu and Jean-Jacques Rousseau built on the work of
A)Isaac Newton.
B)John Locke.
C)Voltaire.
D)Denis Diderot.
16
What type of government did the majority of philosophes believe would be most effective at enacting Enlightenment reforms, such as religious toleration, impartial laws, and freedom of speech?
A)democracy
B)enlightened absolutism
C)oligarchy
D)constitutional monarchy
17
Cesare Beccaria applied reason and natural law to criminal law and punishment and concluded that criminal law should
A)rehabilitate the criminal, not simply punish.
B)be concerned with protecting society from criminals.
C)punish criminals outside of traditional prisons.
D)provide for passage for the worst offenders to the New World.
18
While women often patronized and led the salon gatherings of philosophes in France, most male thinkers believed they were best suited for
A)government positions.
B)teaching in the nation's schools.
C)domestic affairs in the home.
D)the writing and publishing of Enlightenment ideas.
19
Which of the following helped make Enlightenment ideas accessible to all classes?
A)salons
B)bookstores
C)academies
D)Freemason lodges
20
René Descartes' system of philosophy, called Cartesian dualism, provided scholars with a new way to understand truths about nature. What lay at the center of this new philosophy of science?
A)empirical investigation
B)Biblical authorities
C)heliocentrism
D)mathematical reasoning
21
Which of the following European institutions played the LEAST role in the spread of new scientific ideas in 1600-1800?
A)the Catholic Church
B)royal courts
C)private patronage
D)salons
Sherman: The West in the World, Fourth Edition
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