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Chapter 02
Atom Structure
Ionic and Covalent Bonding
Ionic versus Covalent Bonding

Chapter 03
DNA Structure
Protein Denaturation

Chapter 04
Lysosomes

Chapter 05
Fluid Mosaic Model
How Diffusion Works
How Facilitated Diffusion Works
How Osmosis Works
Plasmolysis
Primary Active and Coupled Transport
How the Sodium-Potassium Pump Works
Cotransport (Symport and Antiport)
Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Chapter 06
How Enzymes Work
Enzyme Action and the Hydrolysis of Sucrose
B Vitamins
Biochemical Pathway
Feedback Inhibition of Biochemical Pathways

Chapter 07
How NAD+ Works
How Glycolysis Works
How the Krebs Cycle Works
Electron Transport System and ATP Synthesis
Proton Pump

Chapter 08
Cyclic and Noncyclic Photophorphorylation
Photosynthetic Electron Transport
The Calvin Cycle

Chapter 09
Receptors Linked to a Channel Protein
Membrane-Bound Receptors and G Proteins
How Intracellular Receptors Regulate Gene Transcription
Intracellular Receptor Model
Signal Amplification
Membrane-Bound G Protein Receptors and Ca2+
Second Messengers: cAMP
Second Messengers: The cAMP and Ca2+ Pathways
Action of Epinephrine on a Liver Cell

Chapter 10
Bacterial Chromosome Compaction
Binary Fission
Bidirectional DNA Replication
Bacterial Cell Cycle
Cell Division
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Control of the Cell Cycle
Stimulation of Cell Replication
How Tumor Suppressor Genes Block Cell Division

Chapter 11
Unique Features of Meiosis
Meiosis with Crossing Over
Random Orientation of Chromosomes During Meiosis
How Meiosis Works
Stages of Meiosis
Comparison of Meiosis and Mitosis

Chapter 12
Random Orientation of Chromosomes During Meiosis
Cytotoxic (Type II) Hypersensitivty in Blood Groups

Chapter 13
Meiosis with Crossing over

Chapter 14
Hershey and Chase Experiment
DNA Structure
Meselson and Stahl Experiment
Structural Basis of DNA Replication
Bidirectional DNA Replication
Action of DNA Gyrase
DNA Replication Discontinuous
DNA Replication Fork
DNA Replication/DNA Synythesis
Telomerase Function
Direct Repair
Proofreading Function of DNA Polymerase
Thymine Dimers: Formation and Repair
Nucleotide Excision Repair

Chapter 15
Simple Gene Expression
Transcription
mRNA Synthesis (Transcription)
Transcription Factors
How Spliceosomes Process RNA
Exon Shuffling
Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase
How Translation Works
Translation Initiation
Translation Elongation
Protein Synthesis
Translation Termination
Processing of Gene Information: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Mutation by Base Substitution
Addition and Deletion Mutations
Changes in Chromosome Structure
The Consequence of Inversion

Chapter 16
Combination of Switches: the Lac Operon
Tryptophan Repressor
Transcription Complex and Enhancers
RNA Interference
Exon Shuffling
Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Chapter 17
Restriction Endonucleases
cDNA (Complementary DNA)
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Gene Transfer in Plants using Ti Plasmid
FISH (Flurorescence in site hybridization)

Chapter 18
FISH (Flurorescence in site hybridization)
Sanger Sequencing
Simple Transposition
Using a DNA Microarray

Chapter 19
Control of the Cell Cycle

Chapter 20
Evolutionary Change
Genetic Drift

Chapter 21
Mechanism of Evolution in Finches

Chapter 22
Genetic Drift

Chapter 23
Phylogenetic Trees
Molecular Clock

Chapter 24
Simple Transposition
Changes in Chromosome Structure
Horizontal Gene Transfer

Chapter 25
Three Domains

Chapter 26
Steps in the Replication of T4 Phage
Life cycle of T2 Phage
Lambda Phage Replication Cycle
Replication Cycle of a Retrovirus
How the HIV Infection Cycle Works
HIV Replication
Mechanism for Releasing Enveloped Virions
Treatment of HIV
How Prions Arise
Prion Diseases

Chapter 27
Biofilm Formation
Cell Division
Three Domains
Gram Stain
Bacterial Locomotion
Bacterial Spore Formation
Bacterial Transformation
Transduction
Transduction (Generalized)
Bacterial Conjugation
Conjugation: Transfer of the F Plasmid
Rolling Circle Mechanism of Replication
Conjugation: The Transfer of Chromosomal DNA
Integration and Excision of a Plasmid
Transposon: Shifting Segments of the Genome
A-B Exotoxins (Diphtheria Exotoxin)

Chapter 28
Malaria: Life Cycle of Plasmodium
Cytoplasmic Streaming

Chapter 35
Vascular System of Plants
Woody Dicot

Chapter 36
Proton Pump
Cotransport (Symport and Antiport)
How Facilitated Diffusion Works
How Diffusion Works
Mineral Uptake
How Osmosis Works
Plasmolysis
Phloem Loading

Chapter 37
Root Nodule Formation
How the Calvin Cycle Works

Chapter 39
Phytochrome Signaling

Chapter 42
How the Sodium-Potassium Pump Works
Receptors Linked to a Channel Protein
Voltage Gated Channels
Nerve Impulse
Action Potential Propagation in an Unmyelinated Axon
Transmission Across a Synapse
Function of the Neuromuscular Junction
Membrane-Bound Receptors, G Proteins, and Ca2+

Chapter 43
Baroreceptor Reflex Control of Blood Pressure
Hearing
Effect of Sound Waves on Cochlear Structures
Senses and Balance
Taste
Vision

Chapter 44
Hormonal Communication
Stimulation of Cell Replication
Mechanism of Steroid Hormone Action
Intracellular Receptor Model
How Intracellular Receptors Regulate Gene Transcription
Peptide Hormone Action
Second Messengers: cAMP
Second Messengers: The cAMP and Ca2+ Pathways
Membrane-Bound Receptors That Activate G Proteins
Positive and Negative Feedback
Mechanism of Thyroxine Action
Action of Glucocorticoid Hormone

Chapter 45
Bone Growth in Width
Osteoporosis
Sarcomere Contraction
Myofilament Contraction
Breakdown of ATP and Cross-Bridge Movement During Muscle Contraction
Action Potentials and Muscle Contraction
Function of the Neuromuscular Junction

Chapter 46
Organs of Digestion
Hydrochloric Acid Production by the Stomach
Three Phases of Gastric Secretion
Ulcers
Small Intestine Digestion
Reflexes in the Colon
Impact of Alcohol
Hormones and Gastric Secretion

Chapter 47
Movement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Body
Gax Exchange During Respiration
Changes in the Partial Pressures of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Alveolar Pressure Changes During Inspiration and Expiration
Smoking Risks
Hemoglobin Breakdown

Chapter 48
Conducting System of the Heart
Cardiac Cycle
Baroreceptor Reflex Control of Blood Pressure
Lymphatic System
Fluid Exchange Across the Walls of Capillaries

Chapter 49
Kidney Function

Chapter 50
Antiviral Activity of Interferon
Phagocytosis
The Inflammatory Response
Nonspecific Immunity
Activation of Complement
Vaccination
Constructing Vaccines
Antigenic Determinants (Epitopes)
T-Cell Dependent Antigens
Cytotoxic T-Cell Activity Against Target Cells
Antigen Processing
T-Cell
Antibodies
Immune Response
Interaction of Antigen-Presenting Cells and T-helper Cells
Diversity of Antibodies
Antibody Diversity
Clonal Selection
IgE Mediated (Type I) Hypersensitivity
Delayed (Type IV) Hypersensitivty
Monoclonal Antibody Productiion
How the HIV Infection Cycle Works
Replication Cycle of a Retrovirus

Chapter 51
Spermatogenesis
Positive and Negative Feedback
Maturation of the Follicle and Oocyte

Chapter 56
Water Cycle

Chapter 57
Global Air Circulation
El Niño

Chapter 58
Simulation of Genetic Drift







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