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| 1 | |
What is the term used to describe the strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others? |
| | A) | social progression |
| | B) | behaviour enhancement |
| | C) | behaviour modification |
| | D) | social facilitation |
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| 2 | |
How does social facilitation work? |
| | A) | In the mere presence of others performance is always enhanced. |
| | B) | Arousal facilitates dominant responses to enhance easy behaviour and impair difficult behaviour. |
| | C) | Not all individuals will put in an equal amount of effort but the averaged outcome will benefit most group members beyond their individual contribution. |
| | D) | The loss of self-awareness in a group promotes concentration on the task at hand thereby improving performance. |
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| 3 | |
This concept helps explain why people perform best when their co-actor is slightly superior. |
| | A) | social loafing |
| | B) | mere presence |
| | C) | evaluation apprehension |
| | D) | deindividuation |
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| 4 | |
Deindividuation is NOT elicited by which of the following? |
| | A) | Group size |
| | B) | Physical anonymity |
| | C) | Arousing and distracting activities |
| | D) | Evaluation apprehension |
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| 5 | |
This concept best accounts for why eight people in a tug-of-war will not exert as much force as the sum of their best efforts in individual tug of wars. |
| | A) | evaluation apprehension |
| | B) | deindividuation |
| | C) | social facilitation |
| | D) | social loafing |
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| 6 | |
What is the term for the loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension? |
| | A) | free riding |
| | B) | social facilitation |
| | C) | deindividuation |
| | D) | social loafing |
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| 7 | |
What is the term used to describe the tendency for people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present? |
| | A) | social progression |
| | B) | behaviour enhancement |
| | C) | behaviour modification |
| | D) | social facilitation |
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| 8 | |
Zajonc proposed that arousal from others' presence strengthens the correct responses only on which type of task? |
| | A) | One performed in groups of size five or more. |
| | B) | An additive task. |
| | C) | An easy or well-learned task. |
| | D) | A difficult or novel task. |
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| 9 | |
This concept helps explain why people perform best when their coactor is slightly superior. |
| | A) | social loafing |
| | B) | mere presence |
| | C) | evaluation apprehension |
| | D) | deindividuation |
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| 10 | |
What is the term for the loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension? |
| | A) | free riding |
| | B) | social facilitation |
| | C) | deindividuation |
| | D) | social loafing |
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| 11 | |
What is the term for co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity? |
| | A) | Group members |
| | B) | Co-actors |
| | C) | Colleagues |
| | D) | Contestants |
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| 12 | |
In the presence of other ants, ants excavate more. This is due to ________. |
| | A) | animal instinct |
| | B) | social facilitation |
| | C) | social comparison |
| | D) | brood mentality |
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| 13 | |
In the presence of other cockroaches, learn mazes more slowly. This is due to ________. |
| | A) | animal instinct |
| | B) | social loafing |
| | C) | social facilitation |
| | D) | social comparison |
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| 14 | |
On complex tasks, increased arousal promotes what type of responding? |
| | A) | Incorrect |
| | B) | More accurate |
| | C) | Quicker |
| | D) | Slower |
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| 15 | |
Professional athletes perform best when __________. |
| | A) | alone |
| | B) | training with other athletes |
| | C) | in front of a supportive crowd |
| | D) | in front of a hostile crowd |
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| 16 | |
The mere presence of others produces some arousal even without evaluation apprehension. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 17 | |
Social loafing is most likely to occur when people work toward individual goals in the presence of others who might evaluate their efforts. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 18 | |
Group experiences that diminish self-consciousness tend to disconnect behaviour from attitudes. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 19 | |
One way to decrease social loafing is to make individual performance identifiable. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 20 | |
Social facilitation boosts performance on complex tasks and hurts performance on easy tasks. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 21 | |
Early studies on 'risky shifts' eventually developed into an understanding of this phenomenon. |
| | A) | pluralistic ignorance |
| | B) | group polarization |
| | C) | social comparison |
| | D) | group think |
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| 22 | |
Group polarization can best be explained by which of the following? |
| | A) | self-confidence and transformational leadership |
| | B) | unquestioned belief in the group's morality |
| | C) | groupthink and defections from the majority |
| | D) | informational and normative social influence |
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| 23 | |
Which of the following concepts was illustrated using factors that led to the management of the Walkerton, Ontario, water crisis in May 2000? |
| | A) | group polarization |
| | B) | deindividuation |
| | C) | groupthink |
| | D) | pluralistic ignorance |
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| 24 | |
The illusion of invulnerability and a belief in the inherent morality of the group are symptoms of which of the following concepts? |
| | A) | pluralistic ignorance |
| | B) | groupthink |
| | C) | deindividuation |
| | D) | group polarization |
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| 25 | |
Which of the following is NOT a determinant of minority influence? |
| | A) | consistency |
| | B) | group size |
| | C) | self-confidence |
| | D) | defection |
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| 26 | |
What is the term for group-produced enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies? |
| | A) | social facilitation |
| | B) | group polarization |
| | C) | groupthink |
| | D) | pluralistic ignorance |
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| 27 | |
The group-produced enhancement of members' pre-existing tendencies is known as ________. |
| | A) | risky shift |
| | B) | group polarization |
| | C) | the slippery slope effect |
| | D) | groupthink |
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| 28 | |
Stoner found that group decisions were usually _______ than individual decisions. |
| | A) | slower |
| | B) | quicker |
| | C) | more cautious |
| | D) | riskier |
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| 29 | |
According to Janis, a directive leader is a factor that can lead to what phenomenon? |
| | A) | conformity |
| | B) | groupthink |
| | C) | group polarization |
| | D) | diffusion of responsibility |
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| 30 | |
Which of the following is a precondition that can lead to groupthink? |
| | A) | A cohesive group. |
| | B) | A heterogeneous group. |
| | C) | A long-standing group. |
| | D) | Self-appointed mind guards. |
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| 31 | |
An excessive optimism that blinds a group to warnings of danger is known as _______. |
| | A) | selective perception |
| | B) | illusion of invulnerability |
| | C) | groupthink |
| | D) | group-serving bias |
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| 32 | |
The management of the Walkerton, Ontario, water crisis in May 2000 by Stan Koebel, who ran the water treatment plant, shows many of the symptoms of? |
| | A) | Minority influence |
| | B) | Risky shift |
| | C) | Groupthink |
| | D) | Hindsight bias |
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| 33 | |
A strategy to help avoid groupthink involves _______. |
| | A) | assigning a devil's advocate |
| | B) | ensuring no one is pressured to act as a devil's advocate |
| | C) | isolating the group from confusing outside influences |
| | D) | imposing a time limit on group discussions |
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| 34 | |
Group discussion often strengthens members' initial inclinations. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 35 | |
Groupthink refers to the tendency of decision-making groups to suppress dissent in the interests of group harmony. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 36 | |
By being firm and forceful, a minority's self-assurance can prompt the majority to reconsider its position. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 37 | |
Rationalization is an example of how groupthink can lead its members to become close-minded. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 38 | |
Consistency and persistence convey stubbornness. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 39 | |
What is the term used to describe the tendency for people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present? |
| | A) | social progression |
| | B) | behaviour enhancement |
| | C) | behaviour modification |
| | D) | social facilitation |
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| 40 | |
According to social facilitation, which of the following occurs with complex tasks? |
| | A) | Increased arousal promotes incorrect responding. |
| | B) | Increased arousal leads to enhanced performance. |
| | C) | Decreased arousal leads to impaired performance. |
| | D) | Decreased arousal leads to enhanced performance. |
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| 41 | |
What is the term for people working simultaneously and individually on a noncompetitive task? |
| | A) | social facilitators |
| | B) | co-actors |
| | C) | co-contributors |
| | D) | a collective |
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| 42 | |
Zajonc reconciled apparently conflicting findings by proposing that arousal from others' presence strengthens the correct responses only on which of the following? |
| | A) | Tasks performed in groups of size five of more |
| | B) | Additive tasks |
| | C) | Easy or well-learned tasks |
| | D) | Difficult or novel tasks |
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| 43 | |
Which term refers to the concern for how others are evaluating us? |
| | A) | evaluation apprehension |
| | B) | ego evaluation |
| | C) | deindividuation |
| | D) | looking-glass self |
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| 44 | |
When being lost in a crowd decreases evaluation concerns, this is likely to occur. |
| | A) | evaluation apprehension |
| | B) | ego evaluation |
| | C) | social facilitation |
| | D) | social loafing |
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| 45 | |
People in groups loaf more under which condition? |
| | A) | In collectivist cultures. |
| | B) | When the task is challenging, appealing, or involving. |
| | C) | When their members are friends or are identified with their group. |
| | D) | When individual contributions are not emphasized. |
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| 46 | |
Deindividuation shows that a group experience that diminishes self-consciousness also tends to do which of the following? |
| | A) | Disconnect behaviour from attitudes. |
| | B) | Decrease emotional arousal. |
| | C) | Increase feelings of self-esteem. |
| | D) | Increase sensitivity to social expectations. |
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| 47 | |
What term describes the motivating presence of a co-actor or audience that strengthens well-learned responses? |
| | A) | groupthink |
| | B) | evaluation apprehension |
| | C) | social facilitation |
| | D) | group polarization |
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| 48 | |
According to social facilitation, what happens during complex tasks? |
| | A) | Increased arousal promotes incorrect responding |
| | B) | Increased arousal leads to enhanced performance |
| | C) | Decreased arousal leads to impaired performance |
| | D) | Decreased arousal leads to enhanced performance |
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| 49 | |
Being in a crowd intensifies __________. |
| | A) | positive reactions |
| | B) | negative reactions |
| | C) | positive and negative reactions |
| | D) | ambivalence |
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| 50 | |
Which of the following explains why social-facilitation effects are greatest when others are unfamiliar and hard to keep an eye on? |
| | A) | Impression management |
| | B) | Evaluation apprehension |
| | C) | Self-presentation |
| | D) | Deindividuation |
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| 51 | |
People who benefit from the group but give little in return are known as ________. |
| | A) | moochers |
| | B) | parasites |
| | C) | free riders |
| | D) | social loafers |
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| 52 | |
When being lost in a crowd decreases evaluation concerns, ________ occurs. |
| | A) | social facilitation |
| | B) | deindividuation |
| | C) | diffusion of responsibility |
| | D) | social loafing |
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| 53 | |
People in groups loaf less when the task is _________. |
| | A) | boring |
| | B) | easy |
| | C) | involving |
| | D) | logical |
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| 54 | |
Social facilitation effects can occur in both humans and animals. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 55 | |
Social facilitation usually occurs when people work toward individual goals in the presence of others who might evaluate their effort. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 56 | |
Arousal enhances whatever response tendency is dominant. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 57 | |
A supportive audience helps performance on challenging tasks. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 58 | |
Social loafing is more likely to occur with additive tasks. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 59 | |
What is the term for group-produced enhancement of members' preexisting tendencies? |
| | A) | social facilitation |
| | B) | group polarization |
| | C) | groupthink |
| | D) | pluralistic ignorance |
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| 60 | |
Wanting people to like us, we may express strong opinions after discovering that others share our views. Which concept explains this type of polarization? |
| | A) | social facilitation |
| | B) | informational influence |
| | C) | normative influence |
| | D) | deindividuation |
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| 61 | |
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of groupthink? |
| | A) | an illusion of invulnerability |
| | B) | self-censorship |
| | C) | weak leadership |
| | D) | mindguards |
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| 62 | |
Which of the following is a symptom of groupthink? |
| | A) | Deception |
| | B) | Contradiction |
| | C) | Projection |
| | D) | Rationalization |
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| 63 | |
Encouraging critical evaluation is one of the best ways to prevent this. |
| | A) | deindividuation |
| | B) | groupthink |
| | C) | pluralistic ignorance |
| | D) | social loafing |
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| 64 | |
Which of the following predicts that individual risk takers will become bigger risk takers in groups? |
| | A) | Social comparison |
| | B) | Pluralistic ignorance |
| | C) | Group polarization |
| | D) | Groupthink |
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| 65 | |
Early studies on risky shifts eventually developed into an understanding of this phenomenon. |
| | A) | Pluralistic ignorance |
| | B) | Group polarization |
| | C) | Social comparison |
| | D) | Groupthink |
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| 66 | |
In minority influence, self-confidence is more important on matters of ______. |
| | A) | fact |
| | B) | faith |
| | C) | opinion |
| | D) | hearsay |
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| 67 | |
A persistent minority punctures any illusion of ___________. |
| | A) | anonymity |
| | B) | unanimity |
| | C) | enmity |
| | D) | cohesion |
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| 68 | |
Normative influence fuels ________. |
| | A) | group polarization |
| | B) | minority influence |
| | C) | social loafing |
| | D) | group polarization and minority influence |
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| 69 | |
The social impact of any position depends on the _______ of those who support it. |
| | A) | immediacy |
| | B) | experience |
| | C) | authenticity |
| | D) | likeability |
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| 70 | |
__________ exert influence through the attention they receive. |
| | A) | Attractive members |
| | B) | High status members |
| | C) | Dissenters |
| | D) | Newcomers |
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| 71 | |
Incomplete survey of alternatives is a _______ of groupthink. |
| | A) | symptom |
| | B) | consequence |
| | C) | cause |
| | D) | pre-condition |
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| 72 | |
Overestimating the group's might and right is a symptom of ________. |
| | A) | group polarization |
| | B) | group-serving bias |
| | C) | groupthink |
| | D) | herd mentality |
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| 73 | |
Evaluating one's opinions by comparing oneself to others is known as _______. |
| | A) | jealousy |
| | B) | social comparison |
| | C) | subjective bias |
| | D) | contrast effect |
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| 74 | |
One group-polarization hypothesis predicts that discussion will strengthen an attitude shared by group members. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 75 | |
When it comes to social comparison, we are most persuaded by people in our reference groups. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 76 | |
Calling a "second chance" meeting to air lingering doubts is one means for preventing groupthink. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 77 | |
Minority influence is more likely to take the peripheral route to persuasion. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 78 | |
Symptoms of groupthink are a collective form of dissonance reduction. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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