When reading about the effects of crowding, some of you may have thought; "But I don't like crowds!" The text's treatment of crowding is very related to the idea of territoriality. Territoriality, in which a specific space is marked out and defended against intrusion from others, is common in many animals. It serves important functions, such as providing a place for food, shelter, and caring for the young. Furthermore, it ensures that animals will be dispersed more evenly over the environment.

How is territoriality present in humans? Altman (1975) identified three common types of territory:

• Primary territories are places over which the occupant has exclusive control (e.g., homes, apartments, and private offices).
• Secondary territories are areas shared with others but over which regular users have considerable control (e.g., a classroom, church, or neighbourhood bar).
• Public territories are uncontrolled areas that are used by whoever is the first to arrive (e.g., telephone booths, theatres, and parks).

In each type of territory, people may mark out space as their own and defend it against intrusion. "No trespassing" signs, fences, or hedges are common markers used by homeowners. Leaving articles of personal clothing or books and magazines on tables or chairs protects one's place in secondary or public territories.

Why do people want a territory? There are probably several reasons. It may give people a sense of security and make their lives seem more predictable and important. Some researchers have suggested that territoriality may protect people from those whom they fear or dislike. It may also foster the person's sense of self-identity and uniqueness.

Consider the following:

• How do the concepts of personal space and territoriality differ? How is human territoriality different from that of nonhuman species?
• Are there advantages to being the home team in sports?
• How do people respond to invasions of their territory?

Altman, I. (1975) Environment and Social Behavior: Privacy, Personal Space, Territory and Crowding: Brooks Cole.