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| 1 | |
Results of Asch's early study on line length showed which of the following? |
| | A) | All participants were eager to please the experimenter by providing whatever answer they feel will best support the hypothesis under consideration. |
| | B) | A few, relatively insecure participants knowingly reported an incorrect answer in order to fit in with the group. |
| | C) | Most participants knowingly reported an incorrect answer at least once in order to go along with the group norm. |
| | D) | Most participants stated the correct answer regardless of how other members of the group respond. |
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| 2 | |
What is the term for a type of influence in which someone changes their opinions or actions because they want to fit into a group? |
| | A) | group polarization |
| | B) | obedience |
| | C) | informational influence |
| | D) | normative influence |
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| 3 | |
Not knowing anything about emergency procedures, George listens to the directions given by the fire warden and responds accordingly. This example best illustrates which of the following? |
| | A) | informational social influence |
| | B) | normative social influence |
| | C) | the peripheral route to persuasion |
| | D) | the fundamental attribution error |
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| 4 | |
In high school, students are most strongly affected by _____ since they want to fit in and be liked by their peers. |
| | A) | informational social influence |
| | B) | normative social influence |
| | C) | group polarization |
| | D) | obedience to authority |
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| 5 | |
This refers to changes in behaviour elicited specifically by commands of an authority figure. |
| | A) | legitimacy |
| | B) | conformity |
| | C) | obedience |
| | D) | compliance |
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| 6 | |
Results of Milgram's early study involving a teacher who gives shocks to a learner indicated which of the following? |
| | A) | In the absence of protests from the learner, the majority of teachers declined to shock the leaner. |
| | B) | Teachers were usually less willing to continue to shock the learner if the learner cried out in protest and pleaded to be let out. |
| | C) | A significantly higher percentage of participants were willing to shock to the maximum than what was predicted before conducting the study. |
| | D) | Teachers who felt distress stopped immediately and did not continue administering shocks. |
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| 7 | |
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that determined obedience in Milgram's experiments? |
| | A) | personality attributes of the teacher |
| | B) | emotional distance of the victim |
| | C) | closeness and legitimacy of the authority |
| | D) | whether or not the authority as institutionalized |
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| 8 | |
What is the term for a change in behaviour or belief to accord with others? |
| | A) | obedience |
| | B) | compliance |
| | C) | conformity |
| | D) | acceptance |
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| 9 | |
Milgram's experiments involving a teacher and learner were designed to better understand this concept. |
| | A) | obedience |
| | B) | acceptance |
| | C) | reactance |
| | D) | compliance |
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| 10 | |
Which of the following depicts the main findings of Milgram's original version of the obedience study? |
| | A) | Twenty-six of the 40 men (or 65%) disobeyed the experimenter at 135 volts (as earlier predicted). |
| | B) | Twenty-six of the 40 men (or 65%) disobeyed the experimenter about halfway through (225 volts). |
| | C) | Twenty-six of the 40 men (or 65%) disobeyed the experimenter by quitting about three quarters of the way through (at 330 volts). |
| | D) | Twenty-six of the 40 men (or 65%) went all the way to the 450-volt maximum. |
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| 11 | |
Which of the following depicts the main findings when Milgram introduced pain indications and a claim of heart trouble by the learner? |
| | A) | Few participants were willing to provide any shocks to the learner. |
| | B) | Sixty-three percent of the participants defied the experimenter as soon as the learner claimed he had heart trouble (at 150 volts). |
| | C) | Sixty-three percent of the participants defied the experimenter as soon as the learner said he could no longer stand the pain (at 180 volts). |
| | D) | Sixty-three percent of the participants continued to follow orders to the maximum of 450 volts. |
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| 12 | |
This type of conformity is based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations. |
| | A) | nominal influence |
| | B) | informational influence |
| | C) | normative influence |
| | D) | obedience |
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| 13 | |
At the end of a concert people in front and around you give the performer a standing ovation, prompting you to join in. This example best illustrates what kind of conformity? |
| | A) | informational influence |
| | B) | normative influence |
| | C) | reactance |
| | D) | obedience |
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| 14 | |
If we go along with the norms of a group in order to be liked, we have demonstrated which kind of conformity? |
| | A) | informational influence |
| | B) | normative influence |
| | C) | obedience |
| | D) | acceptance |
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| 15 | |
Conformity and obedience both involve a change in behaviour that results from a direct request from an authority figure. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 16 | |
Informative influence refers to when someone changes their opinions or actions. This is due to what reason? |
| | A) | They believe they will be ridiculed if they do not. |
| | B) | They believe others have information to help them make correct decisions. |
| | C) | They recognize those around them have different norms. |
| | D) | They want to fit in. |
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| 17 | |
A flaw of Milgram's experiments was that his participants consisted only of male university students. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 18 | |
A fifteen-year-old enjoys outdoor activities and likes to go to the cottage every weekend with her family. However, when her parents prohibit her from staying home one weekend to attend a party she refuses to ever go to the lake again. This example best demonstrates which of the following? |
| | A) | Normative influence |
| | B) | Selective judgment |
| | C) | Uniqueness |
| | D) | Reactance |
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| 19 | |
Tanya is a student in a 4th year Developmental Psychology seminar at a Canadian University. She is a 25-year old Canadian-born mother of two in a group of four other women who are also in their twenties and in honours psychology. According to McGuire and his colleagues' research on spontaneous self-concepts, when asked to introduce herself, Tanya will be most likely to mention which of the following? |
| | A) | The shared honours status |
| | B) | Her parental status |
| | C) | Her age |
| | D) | Her country of origin |
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| 20 | |
Asch's early study involving judgments of line length helps us better understand this. |
| | A) | obedience |
| | B) | conformity |
| | C) | gender roles |
| | D) | the fundamental attribution error |
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| 21 | |
What is the term for a type of influence in which someone changes their opinions or actions because they believe that others have the information they need to make the right decisions? |
| | A) | central route persuasion |
| | B) | obedience to authority |
| | C) | informational influence |
| | D) | normative influence |
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| 22 | |
Calynn decides skip class because all of her friends did. This example best illustrates which of the following? |
| | A) | Informational influence |
| | B) | Normative influence |
| | C) | Obedience to authority |
| | D) | The peripheral route to persuasion |
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| 23 | |
It is likely that participants in Asch's early study conformed by stating an incorrect line length largely due to which of the following? |
| | A) | obedience to authority |
| | B) | the central route to persuasion |
| | C) | informational influence |
| | D) | normative influence |
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| 24 | |
Findings of Milgram's study on obedience showed which of the following? |
| | A) | Virtually none of participant teachers are willing to shock an innocent learner to the maximum voltage. |
| | B) | Some men, but no women are willing to shock a learner who gives incorrect responses. |
| | C) | Many of the participants complied with a command to continue to increase the level of shock to the maximum of 450 volts. |
| | D) | Despite initial conforming behaviour, many of the participants defy the experimenter early on by refusing to shock the learner. |
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| 25 | |
Which of the following sums up the most important lesson of this chapter? |
| | A) | Informational influence has more enduring effects than normative influence. |
| | B) | People never deviate from group norms. |
| | C) | Immediate situational forces are powerful. |
| | D) | People seldom act in ways consistent with their beliefs. |
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| 26 | |
Which of the following describes Asch's study involving line length? |
| | A) | Participants were just as likely to give the correct response if they were alone or in a group setting due to the ambiguousness of the task. |
| | B) | About three-quarters of the participants conformed at least once by stating an obviously incorrect answer to go along with the group. |
| | C) | Participants gave correct responses 99 percent of the time regardless of the answers stated by confederates. |
| | D) | Participants gave incorrect responses 99 percent of the time because they trusted more in the answers given by the group. |
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| 27 | |
What is the term for acting in accord with a direct order? |
| | A) | obedience |
| | B) | compliance |
| | C) | conformity |
| | D) | acceptance |
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| 28 | |
After moving from Calgary (where you were a Flames fan) to Edmonton, you switch your main allegiance to the Edmonton Oilers. This change best illustrates which concept? |
| | A) | The self-serving bias |
| | B) | Conformity |
| | C) | Obedience |
| | D) | Reactance |
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| 29 | |
What is the term used to refer to an accomplice of an experimenter? |
| | A) | experimental assistant |
| | B) | research associate |
| | C) | confederate |
| | D) | actor |
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| 30 | |
Based on a description of Milgram's proposed study, psychiatrists, university students, and middle-class adults predicted that most participants would do which of the following? |
| | A) | Disobey the experimenter at about 135 volts. |
| | B) | Disobey the experimenter at about 210 volts. |
| | C) | Disobey the experimenter at about 330 volts. |
| | D) | Largely obey the experimenter and continue to use shocks to the maximum of 450 volts. |
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| 31 | |
What happened when Milgram moved his study from Yale to Bridgeport? |
| | A) | The number of participants who complied with the shocks increased because Yale was not perceived to be very prestigious. |
| | B) | The number of participants who complied with the shocks remained the same because the institution has no authority. |
| | C) | The number of participants who complied with the shocks slightly decreased due to the lowered institutional prestige. |
| | D) | The number of participants who complied with the shocks decreased to almost zero because institutional prestige fully accounts for obedience. |
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| 32 | |
This type of conformity results from accepting evidence about reality provided by other people. |
| | A) | nominal influence |
| | B) | informational influence |
| | C) | normative influence |
| | D) | obedience |
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| 33 | |
In gerontology class Eliza and Jane learn about the damage to bone structure and the risk factors of osteoporosis for elderly women. They both decide to start taking calcium supplements now. This example best illustrates which type of conformity? |
| | A) | informational influence |
| | B) | normative influence |
| | C) | obedience |
| | D) | compliance |
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| 34 | |
Asch is to _________ as Milgram is to _________. |
| | A) | compliance; conformity |
| | B) | obedience; compliance |
| | C) | compliance; obedience |
| | D) | conformity; obedience |
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| 35 | |
Obedience is engaging in behaviour because we are given a direct order. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 36 | |
According to Milgram's findings, when the authority gave commands over the telephone, obedience dropped considerably. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 37 | |
In a recent recreation of the Milgram experiments, Jerry Berger at the University of California Santa Clara found that levels of obedience were much lower today than in Milgram's original studies. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 38 | |
Milgram's conclusion makes it obvious that we should attribute the Holocaust to unique character traits in German people. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 39 | |
This is also known as a "boomerang effect." |
| | A) | normative social influence |
| | B) | reactance |
| | C) | asserting uniqueness |
| | D) | demonstrating certainty |
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| 40 | |
The anti-conformity boomerang effect is known as reactance. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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