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| 1 | |
This kind of attribution refers to environmental causes for behaviour. |
| | A) | internal attribution |
| | B) | situational attribution |
| | C) | dispositional attribution |
| | D) | fundamental attribution |
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| 2 | |
When a student was assigned to give a pro-Castro speech, observers assumed what? |
| | A) | That student liked Fidel Castro |
| | B) | That student disliked Fidel Castro |
| | C) | That they didn't know the student well enough to decide whether they liked Fidel Castro |
| | D) | Because the speech was assigned, the student likely didn't have strong feelings toward Fidel Castro |
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| 3 | |
Concluding that someone is aggressive by nature indicates which type of attribution? |
| | A) | Internal attribution |
| | B) | External attribution |
| | C) | Situational attribution |
| | D) | Environmental attribution |
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| 4 | |
Men inferring a women's warmth as flirtation is an example of what? |
| | A) | Hindsight bias |
| | B) | Spontaneous trait-inference |
| | C) | Actor-observer difference |
| | D) | Misattribution |
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| 5 | |
Which best describes the phenomenon called spontaneous trait-inference? |
| | A) | The notion that a given behaviour is likely due to some underlying trait. |
| | B) | The notion that underlying traits are not really linked to behaviours. |
| | C) | The notion that underlying traits are defined by people's behaviours. |
| | D) | The notion that spontaneous behaviours are more informative of underlying traits than planned behaviours. |
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| 6 | |
For years now, Jack has been rude to many different people in a variety of contexts. Other people do not act rude like Jack. Jack's behaviour can be best explained by which attribution? |
| | A) | an unstable situational attribution |
| | B) | dispositional attribution |
| | C) | situational attribution |
| | D) | external attribution |
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| 7 | |
What is the term for the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behaviour? |
| | A) | correspondent inference |
| | B) | actor-observer difference |
| | C) | fundamental attribution error |
| | D) | folk-conceptual theory |
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| 8 | |
_______ refers to how people attribute causes of other people's behaviour differently from their own. |
| | A) | Cultural bias |
| | B) | Actor-observer difference |
| | C) | Perceptual bias |
| | D) | A self-fulfilling prophecy |
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| 9 | |
Most news reporters attributed the cause of an incident where people got out of hand at a rock concert to the crazy nature of rockers, rather than the unassigned seats and lack of security. This example best illustrates which of the following? |
| | A) | counterfactual thinking |
| | B) | a self-fulfilling prophecy |
| | C) | the fundamental attribution error |
| | D) | an illusory correlation |
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| 10 | |
Your tendency to explain your own erratic driving as being defensive towards others but their erratic driving as just plain careless best demonstrates which of the following? |
| | A) | a self-fulfilling prophecy |
| | B) | counterfactual thinking |
| | C) | the illusion of control |
| | D) | an actor-observer difference |
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| 11 | |
Assuming that someone is a hostile person by nature reflects which of the following? |
| | A) | a dispositional attribution |
| | B) | a situational attribution |
| | C) | an environmental bias |
| | D) | behavioural confirmation |
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| 12 | |
Telling yourself that "the exam was unfair" is an example of a __________ attribution. |
| | A) | dispositional |
| | B) | situational |
| | C) | reasonable |
| | D) | volitional |
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| 13 | |
When it comes to attributions, compared to Western individuals, East Asian individuals are ______. |
| | A) | less aware of situational factors. |
| | B) | less aware of dispositional factors. |
| | C) | more aware of situational factors. |
| | D) | more aware of dispositional factors. |
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| 14 | |
What did Dr. Lee Ross's experiments on a simulated quiz game demonstrate? |
| | A) | Both contestants and observers viewed the questioner as more knowledgeable |
| | B) | Both contestants and observers viewed the contestant as more knowledgeable |
| | C) | Only observers viewed the questioner as more knowledgeable |
| | D) | Only observers viewed the contestant as more knowledgeable |
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| 15 | |
We often explain our own behaviour in terms of _________. |
| | A) | luck |
| | B) | the situation |
| | C) | disposition |
| | D) | divine forces |
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| 16 | |
According to Thomas Gilovich and Richard Eibach, one of social psychology's "great humanizing messages" is what? |
| | A) | People should always be held responsible for their problems. |
| | B) | People should not always be blamed for their problems. |
| | C) | People should always be sympathized with for their problems. |
| | D) | People should never be blamed for their problems. |
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| 17 | |
Our perspective remains stable, regardless of whether we are an actor or observer. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 18 | |
Compared to happy couples, unhappy couples more often |
| | A) | generate external explanations for negative acts. |
| | B) | generate internal explanations for negative acts. |
| | C) | don't try to generate explanations for negative acts. |
| | D) | don't try to generate explanations for positive acts. |
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| 19 | |
The fundamental attribution error is also known as the corresponding bias. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 20 | |
Believing that you did not succeed because of bad luck is an example of a dispositional attribution. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 21 | |
Which of the following is NOT one of the main ways in which people form beliefs? |
| | A) | Our preconceptions control how we interpret new information. |
| | B) | We tend to carefully consider base-rate information when judging the likelihood of events. |
| | C) | In an effort to search for order in random events, we sometimes perceive illusory correlations where none exist. |
| | D) | We tend to be especially influenced by memorable events. |
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| 22 | |
What is the rule of thumb that judges the likelihood of events based on ease of recall? |
| | A) | hindsight bias |
| | B) | gambler's fallacy |
| | C) | availability heuristic |
| | D) | representativeness heuristic |
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| 23 | |
What is the term for the perception of a relationship where none exists? |
| | A) | illusory correlation |
| | B) | regression toward the average |
| | C) | availability heuristic |
| | D) | base-rate fallacy |
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| 24 | |
This accounts for the fact we often suppose we are more at risk travelling in commercial airplanes than in cars |
| | A) | behavioural confirmation |
| | B) | availability heuristic |
| | C) | illusory correlation |
| | D) | representativeness heuristic |
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| 25 | |
This tendency often leads to overconfidence and losses on the stock market. |
| | A) | Availability heuristic |
| | B) | Priming |
| | C) | Representativeness heuristic |
| | D) | Illusion of control |
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| 26 | |
Mark never says hello to you because he thinks you are rude. After several unanswered attempts at greetings, you stop saying hello to Mark and this confirms his belief that you are rude. This example illustrates how _____ works. |
| | A) | the representativeness heuristic |
| | B) | a self-fulfilling prophecy |
| | C) | the availability heuristic |
| | D) | an actor-observer bias |
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| 27 | |
People who regularly play Video Lottery Terminals, attend bingo, or place sports bets have a strong belief in their own skill on games of chance. What do social psychologists call this tendency? |
| | A) | behavioural confirmation |
| | B) | regression toward the average |
| | C) | an illusion of control |
| | D) | hindsight bias |
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| 28 | |
Which process leads us to make quick, adaptive judgments? |
| | A) | schemas |
| | B) | heuristics |
| | C) | self-fulfilling prophecies |
| | D) | counterfactual thinking |
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| 29 | |
Jane sees a tall, athletic-looking man and assumes he plays basketball. Her assumption is likely based on which of the following? |
| | A) | the availability heuristic |
| | B) | the representativeness heuristic |
| | C) | counterfactual thinking |
| | D) | the illusion of control |
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| 30 | |
Picking your own lotto numbers when purchasing a ticket instead of allowing the computer to generate you a set of random numbers illustrates this. |
| | A) | counterfactual thinking |
| | B) | use of the representativeness heuristic |
| | C) | use of the availability heuristic |
| | D) | the illusion of control |
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| 31 | |
This refers to the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs. |
| | A) | overconfidence phenomenon |
| | B) | confirmation bias |
| | C) | availability heuristic |
| | D) | counterfactual thinking |
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| 32 | |
What helps prevent overconfidence? |
| | A) | The realization that confidence and competence always coincide. |
| | B) | Prompt affirmation. |
| | C) | Attempts to generate reasons why judgments might be wrong. |
| | D) | Feelings of control. |
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| 33 | |
People are slow to deduce _______ from a _________. |
| | A) | particular instances; general truth |
| | B) | general truths; particular instance |
| | C) | general truths; vivid instance |
| | D) | vivid instances; general truth |
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| 34 | |
Which of the following is an example of a heuristic? |
| | A) | Illusion of control |
| | B) | Representativeness |
| | C) | Base rate bias |
| | D) | Counterfactual thinking |
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| 35 | |
The illusion of control is important in games of chance. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 36 | |
In general, people are more swayed by memorable events than by facts. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 37 | |
The confirmation bias is a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby social expectations lead people to act in ways that cause others to confirm the expectations. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 38 | |
Ignoring base-rate information is a hallmark of the availability heuristic. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 39 | |
The perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists is known as an illusory correlation. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 40 | |
In unfamiliar situations we are less aware of the impression we are creating. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 41 | |
What does attribution theory seek to explain? |
| | A) | It seeks to explain how individuals communicate intentions to one another. |
| | B) | It seeks to explain how people's intentions and dispositions correspond to their actions. |
| | C) | It seeks to explain others' behaviour in terms of internal dispositions or situational influences. |
| | D) | It seeks to explain how most of our actions can be reduced to situational influences. |
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| 42 | |
Which of the following statements is a happy partner most likely to say about their spouse? |
| | A) | "I have no idea why they were so late." |
| | B) | "They were late because they don't really think about my needs." |
| | C) | "They were late because of heavy traffic." |
| | D) | "They brought me flowers because they want sex." |
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| 43 | |
Jack blames his poor performance on his midterm on the 'tricky' questions given by the instructor. What kind of attribution did Jack make? |
| | A) | motivational attribution |
| | B) | external attribution |
| | C) | dispositional attribution |
| | D) | internal attribution |
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| 44 | |
After decades of research on the effectiveness of intuition compared to statistical prediction, Dawes concluded that |
| | A) | intuition and statistical prediction are about equally effective. |
| | B) | a combination of intuition and statistical prediction is most effective. |
| | C) | intuition is vastly more effective than statistical prediction. |
| | D) | statistical prediction is vastly more effective than intuition. |
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| 45 | |
The tendency to look for evidence that is consistent with our beliefs but not look for evidence that disproves them is the |
| | A) | availability heuristic. |
| | B) | confirmation bias. |
| | C) | belief preservation. |
| | D) | overconfidence phenomenon. |
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| 46 | |
An individual losing their memory of who their partner is, but still feeling like that person makes them happy for some reason is an example of |
| | A) | implicit memory. |
| | B) | explicit memory. |
| | C) | schemas. |
| | D) | blindsight. |
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| 47 | |
In one study Mark Baldwin had catholic women read sexually explicit passages while subliminally showing them pictures. Which pictures lead the women to feel worse about themselves? |
| | A) | A blank screen |
| | B) | Both the pope and a stranger frowning |
| | C) | A stranger frowning |
| | D) | The pope frowning |
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| 48 | |
Which of the following is NOT an example of embodied cognition? |
| | A) | After assessing a cold person, people judge the room as colder than do those who instead assessed a warm person. |
| | B) | After reading about psychological disorders many people become concerned with their own anxieties and gloomy moods. |
| | C) | When holding a hard rather than soft ball, people judge the same face as more likely to be Republican than Democrat. |
| | D) | People who feel hopeless perceive rooms to be darker. |
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| 49 | |
Lack of motivation is an example of a/an _________ attribution. |
| | A) | external |
| | B) | situational |
| | C) | dispositional |
| | D) | genetic |
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| 50 | |
Schemas are an example of _____. |
| | A) | automatic processing |
| | B) | controlled processing |
| | C) | system 2 processing |
| | D) | priming |
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| 51 | |
The finding that religious people who were subliminally exposed to words associated with their religion were more likely to help people is an example of what phenomenon? |
| | A) | Availability heuristic |
| | B) | Priming |
| | C) | Self-fulfilling prophecy |
| | D) | Actor-observer difference |
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| 52 | |
Which of the following is NOT a method recommended by Richard Nisbett and Lee Ross for reducing vulnerability to certain errors? |
| | A) | Train people to recognize likely sources of error in their own social intuition. |
| | B) | Set up statistics courses geared to everyday problems of logic and social judgment. |
| | C) | Train people that intuitions are generally quite trustworthy and that consideration breeds error. |
| | D) | Make such teaching more effective by richly illustrating it with concrete, vivid anecdotes and examples from everyday life. |
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| 53 | |
Students often _______ the brilliance of their teachers. |
| | A) | overestimate |
| | B) | underestimate |
| | C) | analyze |
| | D) | imitate |
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| 54 | |
According to the _________, our perspective differs when we observe others than when we act. |
| | A) | self-fulfilling prophecy |
| | B) | actor-observer effect |
| | C) | self-serving bias |
| | D) | observational discounting effect |
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| 55 | |
What is the problem with teachers believing some students as "gifted" and others as "problem students"? |
| | A) | Dispositional attributions are often incorrect. |
| | B) | Teachers behave toward these students in a way which elicits behaviour to confirm those beliefs. |
| | C) | This could hurt students' feelings. |
| | D) | Everyone is gifted in their own way. |
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| 56 | |
The fundamental attribution error only occurs in western (industrialized) cultures. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 57 | |
Actors are better able to realize situational constraints than are observers. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 58 | |
How many seconds of a teacher talking about a student were required for observers to decide whether the teacher liked the student? |
| | A) | 10 |
| | B) | 30 |
| | C) | 5 |
| | D) | 90 |
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| 59 | |
When we are the actor, we tend to underestimate the impact of the environment. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 60 | |
Which of the following is NOT a reason people sustain false beliefs? |
| | A) | A failure to take into account base-rate information. |
| | B) | A tendency to create illusory correlations where none exist. |
| | C) | A tendency to be swayed more by memorable events than facts. |
| | D) | A tendency to dislike being wrong. |
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| 61 | |
Incorrectly assuming someone is a basketball player simply because they are tall shows how we tend to |
| | A) | form an illusion of control. |
| | B) | regress toward the average. |
| | C) | ignore base-rate information. |
| | D) | develop behavioural confirmation. |
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| 62 | |
This accounts for the fact that people now overestimate their risk of a terrorist attack as a result of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Centre. |
| | A) | anchoring and adjustment heuristic |
| | B) | availability heuristic |
| | C) | representative heuristic |
| | D) | gambler's fallacy |
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| 63 | |
Although eighty percent of the employees at a company are engineers, Hannah believes that Karl is on the sales team because he is a divorced, out-going, fun guy who drives a new BMW. Hannah is falling prey to the _____. |
| | A) | availability heuristic |
| | B) | representativeness heuristic |
| | C) | illusion of control |
| | D) | hindsight bias |
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| 64 | |
Beth chooses her own lottery ticket numbers for this week's draw rather than letting a machine generate them for her. Beth's behaviour illustrates a(n) _____. |
| | A) | illusion of control |
| | B) | illusory correlation |
| | C) | behavioural confirmation |
| | D) | self-fulfilling prophecy |
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| 65 | |
Which of the following is often the cause of an illusion of control? |
| | A) | Failure to retrieve disconfirming evidence |
| | B) | Failure to perceive negative outcomes |
| | C) | failure to consider base-rate information |
| | D) | Failure to recognize regression toward the average |
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| 66 | |
A teacher assumes that one of the students has behavioural problems and frequently reprimands that student for 'acting up.' Over time, the student begins to get into more trouble confirming the teacher's expectations. This example illustrates how _____ works |
| | A) | the representativeness heuristic |
| | B) | the availability heuristic |
| | C) | a self-fulfilling prophecy |
| | D) | an illusory correlation |
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| 67 | |
This refers to a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to act in ways that cause others to confirm the expectations. |
| | A) | counterfactual thinking |
| | B) | behavioural confirmation |
| | C) | illusory correlation |
| | D) | illusion of control |
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| 68 | |
Two friends pass their psychology courses with B+ grades. In a new term, Bob gets 20/20 on the first quiz while Jim gets 10/20. Both score 15/20 on the second quiz. What term explains Bob's lower mark and Jim's higher mark? |
| | A) | belief consolidation |
| | B) | illusion of control |
| | C) | behavioural confirmation |
| | D) | regression toward the average |
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| 69 | |
Using this heuristic, one is especially likely to ignore base rates in favour of what seems typical. |
| | A) | representativeness |
| | B) | availability |
| | C) | counterfactual thinking |
| | D) | illusory correlation |
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| 70 | |
Because exam scores fluctuate partly by chance, most students who get extremely high scores on an exam will get lower scores on the next exam. This phenomenon is known as which of the following? |
| | A) | the fundamental attribution error |
| | B) | the self-fulfilling prophecy |
| | C) | regression toward the average |
| | D) | an illusory digression |
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| 71 | |
Dice players who throw softly for low numbers and hard for high numbers are displaying which of the following? |
| | A) | a confirmation bias |
| | B) | belief perseverance |
| | C) | counterfactual thinking |
| | D) | the illusion of control |
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| 72 | |
Looking for information that supports your original belief is known as which of the following? |
| | A) | counterfactual thinking |
| | B) | the hindsight bias |
| | C) | the confirmation bias |
| | D) | belief perseverance |
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| 73 | |
Which of the following is NOT a reason for errors in our thinking? |
| | A) | We ignore base-rate information. |
| | B) | We misperceive correlation and control. |
| | C) | We are more swayed by facts than by memorable events. |
| | D) | Our beliefs can generate their own confirmation. |
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| 74 | |
The availability heuristic helps explain why media headlines are more compelling than statistical information. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 75 | |
Behavioural confirmation is a form of self-fulfilling prophecy. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 76 | |
People are slow to deduce particular instances from a general truth. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 77 | |
In most interactions, hostility begets hostility because of |
| | A) | a self-fulfilling prophecy. |
| | B) | counterfactual thinking. |
| | C) | the confirmation bias. |
| | D) | the hindsight bias. |
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| 78 | |
Positive illusions about one's partner predict increased conflict and lower satisfaction in romantic relationships. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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