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| 1 | |
Which concept is reflected in a person's answers to the question, "Who am I?" |
| | A) | self-concept |
| | B) | self-esteem |
| | C) | self-serving bias |
| | D) | self-presentation |
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| 2 | |
Kiera sees herself as being quite athletic and hence, tends to especially notice whether other people keep themselves in shape. Why does this occur? |
| | A) | Kiera is competitive by nature due to her prolonged exposure to sports. |
| | B) | Kiera's self-schema helps to process self-relevant information. |
| | C) | Kiera is prone to false modesty in order to obtain complements from other athletes. |
| | D) | Kiera wants to model others' athletic traits in order to enhance her own self-presentation. |
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| 3 | |
Individualism is to _____ as collectivism is to _____. |
| | A) | group norms; group ideals |
| | B) | an interdependent view of the self; an independent view of the self |
| | C) | cultural ideals; personal attributes |
| | D) | personal goals; group goals |
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| 4 | |
Alex usually portrays himself in a negative light, claiming after most tasks that "I did a poor job" even though he ends up with high grades. This tendency is called what? |
| | A) | false modesty |
| | B) | the fundamental attribution error |
| | C) | self-monitoring |
| | D) | self-handicapping |
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| 5 | |
Which of the following best describes people prone to self-monitoring? |
| | A) | They could care less what others think of them. |
| | B) | They tend to act in ways that are consistent with their underlying beliefs. |
| | C) | They may express attitudes they don't really hold. |
| | D) | They are relatively unaffected by other individuals and situations they find themselves in. |
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| 6 | |
Conservatives tend to be _____ and _____. |
| | A) | moral individualists; economic collectivists |
| | B) | moral collectivists; economic individualists |
| | C) | moral collectivists; economic relativists |
| | D) | moral relativists; economic individualists |
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| 7 | |
Those living in collectivistic cultures tend to have _____. |
| | A) | a stable self-concept. |
| | B) | a personal sense of self-esteem. |
| | C) | many selves. |
| | D) | an independent self. |
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| 8 | |
An athlete who deliberately under-prepares for a competition is engaging in _____. |
| | A) | false modesty |
| | B) | competition fatigue |
| | C) | self-handicapping |
| | D) | deception |
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| 9 | |
What is the term for wanting to present a desired image both to other people and ourselves? |
| | A) | insecurity |
| | B) | self-presentation |
| | C) | self-management |
| | D) | egoism |
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| 10 | |
There tends to be ________between people's predicted feelings and actual feelings. |
| | A) | strong correlation |
| | B) | little correlation |
| | C) | a direct relationship |
| | D) | absolutely no correlation |
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| 11 | |
In independent cultures, self-esteem is less personal and more relational. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 12 | |
Self-handicapping refers to when people present themselves in a more negative light than a more positive one. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 13 | |
The fact that people generally consider themselves better than the average person across a variety of domains is considered a form of what? |
| | A) | fundamental attribution error |
| | B) | self-serving bias |
| | C) | false uniqueness effect |
| | D) | self-reference effect |
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| 14 | |
After you receive an A on a test you explain that you studied hard and deserve it. Yet after you fail the next test, you explain that you did poorly because your roommate kept you up late and you felt ill the next day. This example best illustrates which of the following? |
| | A) | low self-esteem |
| | B) | learned helplessness |
| | C) | the fundamental attribution error |
| | D) | the self-serving bias |
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| 15 | |
What traits cause self-serving bias tend to be stronger? |
| | A) | Traits for which success subjective. |
| | B) | Traits which are not socially desirable. |
| | C) | Traits for which success is clearly defined. |
| | D) | Traits which are uncommon. |
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| 16 | |
Most older teens think they are much less likely than their peers to become infected with HIV. This reflects which type of thinking? |
| | A) | the false uniqueness effect |
| | B) | the false consensus effect |
| | C) | unrealistic optimism |
| | D) | the dark side of self-esteem |
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| 17 | |
What is the term for the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable behaviours? |
| | A) | false consensus effect |
| | B) | false uniqueness effect |
| | C) | unrealistic optimism |
| | D) | fundamental attribution error |
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| 18 | |
Kamila notes that "even though 50% of marriages fail, I know mine will endure with joy." Which term best describes what Kamila is exhibiting? |
| | A) | the dark side of self-esteem |
| | B) | false consensus |
| | C) | false uniqueness |
| | D) | unrealistic optimism |
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| 19 | |
Ashton claims "I am the only one who cares about the environment." Which term is Ashton displaying? |
| | A) | false uniqueness |
| | B) | the dark side of self-esteem |
| | C) | unrealistic optimism |
| | D) | false consensus |
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| 20 | |
Most students perceiving themselves to be far more likely than their classmates to get a good job and be less likely to experience negative events such as poor health is an example of what? |
| | A) | unrealistic optimism |
| | B) | the fundamental attribution error |
| | C) | learned helplessness |
| | D) | the false consensus effect |
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| 21 | |
You feel that many other voters and fellow students share your very positive view of the leader of the NDP. You are likely exhibiting which of the following? |
| | A) | the self-serving bias |
| | B) | unrealistic optimism |
| | C) | false consensus |
| | D) | social comparison processes |
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| 22 | |
What is the term for the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's successful behaviours? |
| | A) | false consensus effect |
| | B) | false uniqueness effect |
| | C) | the fundamental attribution error |
| | D) | the self's temporal comparison |
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| 23 | |
Terror management theory posits that positive self-esteem protects us from feeling anxiety over this. |
| | A) | social rejection |
| | B) | failure to achieve a goal |
| | C) | being betrayed by others |
| | D) | our certain death |
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| 24 | |
Comparing yourself to someone who is better than you on a particular trait is known as ______. |
| | A) | sympathy |
| | B) | self-serving bias |
| | C) | downward social comparison |
| | D) | upward social comparison |
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| 25 | |
According to terror management theory, reminding people of their mortality motivates them to ______. |
| | A) | gain recognition for their work and values |
| | B) | work harder |
| | C) | spend time with others |
| | D) | spend time alone |
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| 26 | |
A self-serving bias can occur when people compare their present selves to themselves in the past or future. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 27 | |
On matters of ability a false consensus effect usually occurs. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 28 | |
Self-serving bias and its accompanying excuses can help protect people from depression. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 29 | |
False consensus refers to the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's bad behaviour or failures. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 30 | |
Having a sense that one is competent and effective is known as what? |
| | A) | self-serving bias |
| | B) | self-efficacy |
| | C) | unrealistic optimism |
| | D) | learned helplessness |
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| 31 | |
This term is used to describe the passivity learned by humans and animals who perceive they have no control over negative events. |
| | A) | negative self-esteem |
| | B) | defeatism |
| | C) | learned resignation |
| | D) | learned helplessness |
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| 32 | |
An animal that is mistreated repeatedly may not escape punishment due to the development of this condition. |
| | A) | learned helplessness |
| | B) | a strong internal locus of control |
| | C) | a high sense of self-efficacy |
| | D) | a lack of self-control |
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| 33 | |
A perceived sense of self-control is not especially important for which of the following? |
| | A) | Warding off stress in institutions such as prisons. |
| | B) | Positive health outcomes in older adults. |
| | C) | Preventing the development of learned helplessness. |
| | D) | Reducing people's self-serving biases. |
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| 34 | |
Which of the following will help prevent learned helplessness in human situations? |
| | A) | Taking care of people so they have few potentially stress-invoking responsibilities. |
| | B) | Affording less control over privacy and other living arrangements. |
| | C) | Providing opportunities that promote self-efficacy and control over the environment. |
| | D) | Relieving people of all decision-making obligations. |
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| 35 | |
Compared with those with low self-esteem, people will high self-esteem are ________? |
| | A) | happier |
| | B) | more likely to become depressed |
| | C) | wiser |
| | D) | more neurotic |
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| 36 | |
What is the term for one's sense of self-worth? |
| | A) | self-awareness |
| | B) | self-esteem |
| | C) | self-efficacy |
| | D) | self-approval |
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| 37 | |
Bushman and colleagues found what combination was most likely to elicit aggression as a response to criticism? |
| | A) | low narcissism & high self-esteem |
| | B) | low narcissism & low self-esteem |
| | C) | high narcissism & high self-esteem |
| | D) | high narcissism & low self-esteem |
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| 38 | |
Albert Bandura is famous for his research on __________. |
| | A) | self-awareness |
| | B) | self-esteem |
| | C) | self-perception |
| | D) | self-efficacy |
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| 39 | |
People who perceive themselves as having free choice experience more ______________ in their lives. |
| | A) | confusion |
| | B) | regret |
| | C) | satisfaction |
| | D) | dissonance |
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| 40 | |
Which of the following behaviours is more likely to occur among an individualist culture than in a collectivist culture? |
| | A) | Individuals making upward social comparisons |
| | B) | Individuals persisting more on tasks when they are failing |
| | C) | Individuals believing that they are not essentially the same person across different situations |
| | D) | Individuals making downward social comparisons |
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| 41 | |
As Bandura identified, the best source of self-efficacy is what? |
| | A) | Mastery experiences |
| | B) | Seeing others succeed |
| | C) | Social persuasion |
| | D) | Self-persuasion |
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| 42 | |
Research indicates that prisoners who are given some control over their environment exhibit less stress. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 43 | |
Which of the following refers to the 'we' aspect of one's self-concept? |
| | A) | group identity |
| | B) | outgroup |
| | C) | ingroup |
| | D) | social identity |
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| 44 | |
Maxim views himself as an 8-year-old Canadian male who is a brother to Trent, and a best friend to Sam. This perception forms the basis of Maxim's _____. |
| | A) | individualism |
| | B) | gender identity |
| | C) | self-concept |
| | D) | self-presentation |
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| 45 | |
Jonathan considers himself to be good-looking and easy-going. He knows he is good at sports but poor at math. Jonathan's beliefs make up his _____. |
| | A) | self-heuristic |
| | B) | self-schema |
| | C) | self-attribute |
| | D) | collective identity |
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| 46 | |
North Americans tend to more highly value _____ than Africans and Asians. |
| | A) | individualism |
| | B) | collectivism |
| | C) | interdependence |
| | D) | culture |
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| 47 | |
An interdependent view of one's self most closely fits with which of the following terms? |
| | A) | individualism |
| | B) | collectivism |
| | C) | the male gender |
| | D) | personal attributes |
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| 48 | |
Fearing failure, Janice deliberately gives her opponent an advantage that sabotages her own chance of success. Which term describes Janice's behaviour? |
| | A) | self-infliction |
| | B) | self-serving bias |
| | C) | false modesty |
| | D) | self-handicapping |
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| 49 | |
When we imagine the likelihood of negative events happening to us was generally do what? |
| | A) | Underestimate |
| | B) | Overestimate |
| | C) | Accurately estimate |
| | D) | Neglect |
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| 50 | |
People who adapt easily to social situations tend to be _____. |
| | A) | low self-monitors |
| | B) | high self-monitors |
| | C) | low in self-concept clarity |
| | D) | high in self-concept clarity |
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| 51 | |
Which of the following is true of self-esteem in collectivist cultures? |
| | A) | It is stable across situations. |
| | B) | It is a result of personal achievement. |
| | C) | It does not exist. |
| | D) | It is context-specific. |
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| 52 | |
People with interdependent self-construals are less approving of |
| | A) | Conformity. |
| | B) | egotism. |
| | C) | harmony. |
| | D) | false modesty. |
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| 53 | |
Those with an _____ self have a greater sense of belonging. |
| | A) | independent |
| | B) | introverted |
| | C) | interdependent |
| | D) | extraverted |
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| 54 | |
In industrialized Western cultures, collectivism tends to prevail as the most common self-concept. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 55 | |
With an interdependent self, one has a greater sense of belonging. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 56 | |
Due to this effect, most people rate themselves above average on a number of positive traits including things like leadership ability and helpfulness. |
| | A) | hindsight bias |
| | B) | fundamental attribution error |
| | C) | self-serving bias |
| | D) | false uniqueness |
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| 57 | |
Those who do well on an exam are likely to accept personal credit while those who do poorly are likely to criticize the exam. Which of the following concepts best explains this? |
| | A) | false uniqueness effect |
| | B) | self-serving bias |
| | C) | actor-observer bias |
| | D) | fundamental attribution error |
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| 58 | |
Students perceive themselves to be far more likely than their classmates to get a good job, draw a good salary, and own a home, and far less likely to experience negative events such as being fired. What is this tendency called? |
| | A) | upward social comparison |
| | B) | the false uniqueness effect |
| | C) | the false consensus effect |
| | D) | unrealistic optimism |
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| 59 | |
The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours can be referred to as what? |
| | A) | unrealistic optimism |
| | B) | false uniqueness effect |
| | C) | false consensus effect |
| | D) | fundamental attribution error |
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| 60 | |
Bob exclaims "I know most people agree with me that global warming threatens our future." Bob is exhibiting which of the following? |
| | A) | upward social comparison |
| | B) | false consensus |
| | C) | false uniqueness |
| | D) | unrealistic optimism |
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| 61 | |
Most university students would rate themselves as more honest and reliable than the average student. This demonstrates which of the following? |
| | A) | self-serving bias |
| | B) | impact bias |
| | C) | achievement bias |
| | D) | false consensus effect |
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| 62 | |
The president of a faculty association claimed that all faculty members oppose publishing student evaluations of their instruction. In reality, some faculty members are opposed, others are neutral, and still others support this action. Likely, the president fell prey to which of the following? |
| | A) | the false uniqueness effect |
| | B) | the false consensus effect |
| | C) | temporal comparison |
| | D) | the self-serving bias |
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| 63 | |
Residents of British Columbia who believe that an earthquake will not affect them (despite there being hundreds of earthquakes a year in British Columbia) may be engaging in |
| | A) | false optimism |
| | B) | false consensus |
| | C) | unrealistic optimism |
| | D) | unrealistic uniqueness |
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| 64 | |
Self-congratulatory comparisons and illusory optimism are two manifestations of _____. |
| | A) | social comparison |
| | B) | self-perception |
| | C) | self-serving biases |
| | D) | cognitive dissonance |
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| 65 | |
Comparing yourself to someone who is better than you in a particular domain is known as _____. |
| | A) | self-effacement |
| | B) | downward social comparison |
| | C) | self-enhancement |
| | D) | upward social comparison |
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| 66 | |
Which of the following is not a feature of a depressive attributional style? |
| | A) | Self-enhancing |
| | B) | Stable |
| | C) | Global |
| | D) | Internal |
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| 67 | |
According to terror management theory, reminding people of their _____ motivates them to pursue self-esteem. |
| | A) | past failures |
| | B) | past successes |
| | C) | eventual death |
| | D) | future goals |
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| 68 | |
What is the term for a positive and self-inflated view of the self? |
| | A) | unrealistic optimism |
| | B) | narcissism |
| | C) | false uniqueness |
| | D) | egoism |
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| 69 | |
The self-serving bias is most evident when people rate themselves on subjective and socially desirable dimensions. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 70 | |
The main downside of unrealistic optimism is that people often fail to take sensible precautions. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 71 | |
False consensus might occur because we generalize from a limited sample which predominantly includes ourselves. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 72 | |
People who blame others for their social difficulties are generally happier than people who acknowledge their mistakes. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 73 | |
A patient suffering from chronic pain feels so hopeless that they stop asking questions about their treatment and give up on their condition ever improving. What has this patient developed? |
| | A) | self-determination |
| | B) | learned helplessness |
| | C) | an internal locus of control |
| | D) | negative self-esteem |
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| 74 | |
Which of the following is a necessary internal factor to the development of learned helplessness? |
| | A) | perceived lack of control |
| | B) | a strong internal locus of control |
| | C) | low self-esteem |
| | D) | low self-efficacy |
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| 75 | |
What external factor is necessary to the development of learned helplessness? |
| | A) | Social support |
| | B) | Uncontrollable bad events |
| | C) | Individualistic culture |
| | D) | Upward social comparisons |
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| 76 | |
People who are down on their luck and have given up on things getting better, won't benefit from which of the following? |
| | A) | Stable attributions |
| | B) | Seeing other people in their position model success |
| | C) | Social persuasion to succeed |
| | D) | Experiencing success |
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| 77 | |
A person stuck in a difficult situation may develop a sense of ____________. |
| | A) | learned hopelessness |
| | B) | learned helplessness |
| | C) | unconditioned hopelessness |
| | D) | unconditioned helplessness |
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| 78 | |
Self-efficacy is most effectively cultivated by _____________. |
| | A) | self-persuasion |
| | B) | receiving compliments |
| | C) | experiencing success |
| | D) | trial and error |
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| 79 | |
Your self-esteem is how competent you feel to do something. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 80 | |
Learned helplessness results from a perceived lack of control over negative events. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 81 | |
Self-efficacy largely results from self-persuasion. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 82 | |
Having more freedom generally leads to greater satisfaction. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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