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4.d A) 2.2 B) 4.6 C) 3.5 D) 7.3 2.
4.g A) by making oxygen for organisms to breath B) by causing meteors to burn up before hitting the surface of the Earth C) by shielding the Earth's surface from harmful radiation from the Sun D) by absorbing the gasses and dust put into the atmosphere by volcanoes 3.
4.d A) radioactive decay B) carbon-14 dating C) cross dating D) radiometric dating 4.
4.g A) trilobites B) corals C) cyanobacteria D) sponges 5.
4.c A) crystallization B) weathering C) deposition D) lithification 6.
4.g A) coral formations B) rock C) glaciers D) crystallized magma 7.
4.g A) Gymnosperms are now all extinct, but angiosperms are still on living today. B) Gymnosperms produce flowers, but not seeds. Angiosperms produce seeds, but not flowers. C) Gymnosperms produce seeds, but not flowers. Angiosperms produce seeds and flowers. D) Gymnosperms live in the ocean, but angiosperms live on land. 8.
4.g A) in forests B) on the land C) in swamps D) in the ocean 9.
4.g A) It is an ancestor of the first amphibians. B) It evolved from reptiles and dinosaurs. C) It lays its eggs on land. D) It was the first vertebrate organism. 10.
4.g A) Cambrian B) Quartenary C) Jurassic D) Devonian 11.
4.b A) melting glaciers B) decreased levels of oxygen in ocean water C) mass extinctions D) lower sea levels 12.
4.a, 4.c A) sedimentary B) igneous C) metamorphic D) fossilized 13.
4.c A) sedimentary B) igneous C) metamorphic D) fossilized 14.
4.d A) Sedimentary B) Igneous C) Metamorphic D) Fossilized 15.
4.g A) Ordovician Period B) Jurassic Period C) Mississippian Period D) Triassic Period 16.
4.c A) superposition B) cross cutting relationships C) original horizontality D) original lateral continuity 17.
4.c A) superposition B) cross cutting relationships C) original horizontality D) original lateral continuity 18.
4.c A) grains B) clasts C) rocks D) strata 19.
4.c, 4.d A) The process of radiometric dating only works on rocks that have been exposed to high temperature and pressure. B) Sedimentary rocks are very rare and difficult for geologists to find. C) Sedimentary rocks are too old to date using radiometric dating. D) The dates from these rocks indicate when the minerals in the rocks formed, not when the sedimentary rock itself formed. 20.
4.d A) the time it takes half of a species to evolve into a new organism B) the length of time it takes half of the protons in a atom of an element to change into neutrons C) the average life span of an extinct species of plant or animal D) the calculated length of time that it takes for half of a specific amount of a parent isotope to decay into the daughter isotope 21.
4.a, 4.c, 4.d A) They are about the same age. B) The Earth is much older than the Moon. C) The Moon is much older than the Earth. D) The Earth is much younger than the Moon. 22.
4.g A) The organism must have lived over a wide geographic range. B) The organism must have lived for a long time before becoming extinct. C) The organism must have hard parts that are easy to preserve in rocks. D) The organism must have lived in many types of environments. 23.
4.d A) the sample of a rock used to determine its age B) a radioactive nucleus C) atoms of an element that have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons D) the oldest layer of rock in a series of sedimentary strata 24.
4.g A) They are a multiple-celled plant that carries out photosynthesis. B) They take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide. C) They became extinct several million years ago. D) They are one of the earliest organisms. 25.
4.g A) They become more complex over time. B) They become less diverse over time. C) They do not change over time. D) They learn to breed with other species over time. 26.
4.d A) They evolved during the same geologic period as mammals. B) They were ectotherms. C) They lived only on land, not in the water. D) They evolved from birds. 27.
4.b A) climate change B) asteroid impact C) volcanic activity D) changes in Earth's orbit around the Sun 28.
4.c A) deposition B) transportation C) weathering D) lithification 29.
4.c A) Weathering helps solidify magma into the crystals that make up sedimentary rocks. B) Weathering contributes to the heating and high pressure necessary to form sedimentary rocks. C) Weathering provides the chemicals necessary to change elements into the radioactive isotopes used in radiometric dating. D) Weathering breaks down larger rocks into smaller pieces that then become part of sedimentary rocks. 30.
4.e, 4.g A) physical changes B) biological changes
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