This chapter addresses the following questions:

1. Who and what were the hominins (whom we call archaic humans) who lived between about 500,000 and 30,000 years ago?
2. How were the archaic humans similar to and different from us?
3. When and where do anatomically modern humans appear?
4. When and how does modern human behavior appear?
5. What different models are proposed for the evolution of Homo sapiens sapiens from earlier forms of Homo?