| absolute claim: | An assertion that asks people to accept that something is permanent, complete or in no way conditional.
|
 |
|
|
| abstract: | A summary of an article or publication.
|
|
|
|
| action: | The part of a narrative that explains what is happening.
|
|
|
|
| active listening: | A type of listening that requires a high level of energy to stay engaged in the communication interaction.
|
|
|
|
| activity group: | A type of group in which members share an interest or hobby.
|
|
|
|
| ad hominem fallacy: | An occurrence of unsound reasoning wherein one person launches an irrelevant personal attack on the character of a person with an opposing point of view rather than the competing argument itself.
|
|
|
|
| adrenaline: | A natural hormone that helps the body adjust to sudden stress; increased levels of adrenaline are what make the body feel "nervous" prior to a public speech.
|
|
|
|
| agenda: | A list of things to be accomplished during a group meeting.
|
|
|
|
| alliteration: | A figure of speech that repeats an initial sound in a string of words.
|
|
|
|
| analogical reasoning: | A form of reasoning that considers the similarities between two things and then presumes an unknown quality about one of them must be true because of a known quality in the other.
|
|
|
|
| anecdotal evidence: | A kind of evidence that is only one case in point and does not necessarily support a larger body of evidence.
|
|
|
|
| appeal to fear fallacy: | An occurrence of unsound reasoning that presents a claim in a way to produce fear, thereby gaining support for a different and perhaps unrelated claim.
|
|
|
|
| appreciative listening: | A level of listening wherein people listen for personal pleasure.
|
|
|
|
| articulation: | The clarity with which a speaker produces individual speech sounds.
|
|
|
|
| assertion of fact: | The claim in a persuasive speech that argues whether something is true or not true, whether something happened or did not happen, or whether something exists or did not exist.
|
|
|
|
| assertion of policy: | The claim in a persuasive speech that argues programs of action – how things should or should not happen, proceed, or get done for an individual or a group, or at a societal level.
|
|
|
|
| assertion of value: | The claim in a persuasive speech that argues whether something is right or wrong; whether something is good or bad, how much something is worth, how fair something is, or how important or useful something is.
|
|
|
|
| attention material: | The opening words of your speech used to capture the attention of the audience and draw them into the topic; it must be appropriate and relevant to the audience, topic and occasion.
|
|
|
|
| attitudinal information: | Information about listeners' attitudes, values and beliefs that a speaker gathers prior to the speech as part of the audience analysis.
|
|
|
|
| audience analysis: | The process of gathering and analyzing demographic and attitudinal information about the audience with the intention of shaping the speech for that specific group of listeners.
|
|
|
|
| audience connection: | The technique of openly relating the content of a speech to the needs and wants of the listeners; it engages audience members and convinces them that the speech is worth their listening time.
|
|
|
|
| authoritative warrant: | A warrant that relies on the credibility, acceptability, or authority of the source to link the evidence to the claim.
|
|
|
|
| bandwagon fallacy: | An occurrence of unsound reasoning that relies on peer pressure as the basis for supporting or rejecting a claim.
|
|
|
|
| bar graph: | A type of graph that uses vertical or horizontal lines on an x and y axis.
|
|
|
|
| Bibliography: | An alphabetized list of all works consulted, whether or not those words are used in the speech.
|
|
|
|
| blog: | An Internet source that contains dated entries of commentary, opinion, or news on a given subject in reverse chronological order; it typically combines text, images, videos, and links to other relevant websites.
|
|
|
|
| brainstorming: | A technique for generating a large number of ideas; it can be used for finding a speech topic or a solution to a problem.
|
|
|
|
| brief example: | One or two sentences that provide an instance of a larger idea.
|
|
|
|
| causal pattern: | A pattern of organization that focuses on either the causes of something, or its effects.
|
|
|
|
| causal reasoning: | A form of reasoning that attempts to connect two events according to a cause-and-effect relationship. One event is known, doable, or generally assumed while the other event is unknown but assumed.
|
|
|
|
| channel: | The means by which messages and feedback are transmitted between speaker and audience.
|
|
|
|
| character: | A person in a narrative who creates action or to whom action happens.
|
|
|
|
| charisma: | A speaker's great personal charm or magnetic personality that draws the attention of listeners.
|
|
|
|
| chart: | A visual display that tracks or groups detailed information in summary form using words, numbers, and figures.
|
|
|
|
| chronological pattern: | A pattern of organization that follows a time arrangement and shows how events or ideas occur over time, either forward or backward.
|
|
|
|
| civil listening: | A type of listening wherein the listener works to suspend judgment while also giving notable feedback to the speaker.
|
|
|
|
| civility: | A code of decency based on showing respect, honesty, fairness, and tolerance to others; it enhances the speaker's relationship with the listeners.
|
|
|
|
| claim: | The statement about a fact, value, or policy—the conclusion a speaker wants his or her audience to draw and accept.
|
|
|
|
| climax: | The part of a narrative representing the peak of tension or the most exciting moment; it is followed by a resolution or conclusion.
|
|
|
|
| closed question: | A kind of question that is answered with a yes or a no.
|
|
|
|
| coercion: | Getting others to do things in a way that relies on threats, raw power, or the use of force.
|
|
|
|
| collectivistic culture: | A type of culture where members tend to put the good of the group ahead of individual concerns.
|
|
|
|
| committee: | A group of people brought together to perform work for a larger group or organization.
|
|
|
|
| communication orientation: | An approach to public speaking that relies on the familiar goal of conveying ideas to other people; this approach is in contrast to the performance orientation wherein speakers perceive the speech as a performance and the audience as a group of critics.
|
|
|
|
| comparison pattern: | A pattern of organization that teaches something new by showing the similarities between two seemingly unlike things, one of which is already familiar to the listener.
|
|
|
|
| comprehensive listening: | A type of listening wherein people listen to learn or understand.
|
|
|
|
| concept speech: | A speech that looks at the intangibles of life – theories, ideas, impressions, attitudes, beliefs, and values that people cannot see or touch but nonetheless perceive, suppose or imagine.
|
|
|
|
| conflict: | The part of a narrative that introduces actions or complications leading to the climax.
|
|
|
|
| consensus: | A kind of voting in which every group member agrees on the final decision.
|
|
|
|
| context: | The specific environment or situation in which the public speaking transaction takes place.
|
|
|
|
| contrast pattern: | A pattern of organization that teaches something new by showing the differences between two seemingly similar things, one of which is typically already familiar to the audience.
|
|
|
|
| copyright laws: | Laws that protect original creative work, including music, art, graphics, and pictures from unauthorized use.
|
|
|
|
| criteria: | Measurements used by group members to evaluate potential solutions or decisions.
|
|
|
|
| critical listening: | A type of listening wherein people listen to analyze and evaluate the speaker's ideas.
|
|
|
|
| database: | An electronic collection of data on a single topic or variety of topics organized so the content can be easily accessed and managed.
|
|
|
|
| decoder: | A listener who assigns and creates meaning from the speaker's words and behaviors.
|
|
|
|
| deductive reasoning: | A form of reasoning that starts with a general principle and moves toward a specific instance.
|
|
|
|
| demographics: | The characteristics of the audience, such as age, socio-economic status, education level and gender.
|
|
|
|
| demonstration speech: | An informative speech that contains a step-by-step process intended to teach the audience how to use or do something, or how something works or is done.
|
|
|
|
| designated leader: | A group leader who is elected or appointed to the leadership position.
|
|
|
|
| dialect: | A regional speech pattern used by a subgroup within a given population of speakers of the same language; represents a consistent pattern of pronunciation and syntax, word choice, pacing, rhythm, and expressions associated with such a subgroup.
|
|
|
|
| dialectics: | The classical Greek concept of using reasoned arguments to find a truth about a topic.
|
|
|
|
| dialogism: | The concept that explains that each of us becomes who we are—takes shape—based on the push and pull of discussion, exploration, and debate with others.
|
|
|
|
| discussion group: | An Internet source that allows users to discuss topics of mutual interest; they are a good first place to go for researching attitudes and opinions.
|
|
|
|
| distributed leadership: | A type of leadership that is shared by all members of the group, each potentially contributing a skill or service to further the objectives of the group.
|
|
|
|
| doublespeak: | Language that serves to intentionally hide, distort or manipulate ideas.
|
|
|
|
| educational group: | A type of group in which people volunteer or are assigned to work with others to better understand a subject or complete an assignment.
|
|
|
|
| either/or fallacy: | An occurrence of unsound reasoning that forces listeners to choose between two options when, in reality, more than two exist.
|
|
|
|
| electronic eloquence: | A contemporary persuasive theory that suggests that in the electronic age (TV) successful speakers typically use narrative, self-disclosure and visuals.
|
|
|
|
| emblems: | Movements or positions of the hands, head and other body parts that have precise meaning and are immediately understood by others in the communicator's culture or co-culture.
|
|
|
|
| emergent leader: | A type of leader who starts out as a group participant but ultimately surfaces as a leader.
|
|
|
|
| emotional proof: | A form of support that references human emotions; it is not based on fact and is not necessarily logical.
|
|
|
|
| emotional tone: | The quality of a speaker's voice that communicates his or her feelings.
|
|
|
|
| encoder: | The speaker who creates meaning by taking ideas and translating them into various perceptible codes such as words, gestures, facial expressions, pictures, and tone of voice; the sender.
|
|
|
|
| enthymeme: | A form of deductive reasoning that claims probable or likely relationships between the major premise and minor premise; a kind of a syllogism.
|
|
|
|
| ethical listening: | A type of listening wherein the listener engages actively to increase his or her own worldview and to hold speakers accountable to society's moral principles.
|
|
|
|
| ethics: | Standards of right and wrong, according to a particular society; a speaker who is perceived as ethical is more likely to enjoy the audience's trust, respect and confidence.
|
|
|
|
| ethnocentrism: | The tendency for a person to judge other cultures primarily from the viewpoint of his or her own culture, often reflecting an attitude of superiority.
|
|
|
|
| ethos: | A perceived quality based on a speaker's character, it directly influences the listeners' willingness to receive and accept a speaker's ideas. It's one of three classical persuasive strategies identified by Greek philosopher Aristotle.
|
|
|
|
| event speech: | A speech describing an occasion or event that has happened, is happening, or will happen.
|
|
|
|
| evidence: | Material that supports or backs up a claim.
|
|
|
|
| expectancy-outcome values theory: | A contemporary persuasive theory that says that people consciously evaluate the potential costs and benefits – the value – of taking or not taking a particular action.
|
|
|
|
| expectancy-violations theory: | A contemporary persuasive theory that notes that people can attract attention when their words or actions catch others by surprise (or violate their expectations).
|
|
|
|
| expert power: | A type of power earned by one's knowledge and abilities.
|
|
|
|
| expert testimony: | Direct words from people with authority on a topic or in a field.
|
|
|
|
| extemporaneous method: | A method of delivery wherein the speaker talks conversationally from prepared key words and phrases in his or her speaking notes.
|
|
|
|
| extended example: | A well-developed and possibly lengthy illustration of a broad concept; it often has a plot and some characters.
|
|
|
|
| fair use: | A doctrine of U.S. copyright law that permits the limited use of copyrighted materials without permission from the rights holder, as for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research; the distinction between copyright infringement and "fair use" may be ambiguous and not easily defined.
|
|
|
|
| fallacy: | An occurrence of unsound reasoning.
|
|
|
|
| false thesis: | A sentence that appears to be a thesis statement but fails to narrow the topic and provide a clear direction for how the body of the speech will be developed.
|
|
|
|
| feedback: | Verbal and nonverbal messages sent from a listener, or listeners, to the speaker.
|
|
|
|
| fighting words: | Intimidating speech directed at a specific individual in a face-to-face confrontation, especially if that speech inflicts injury or incites an immediate breach of the peace.
|
|
|
|
| First Amendment: | A section of the United States Constitution that provides, in part, protection for free, uncensored speech.
|
|
|
|
| flow chart: | A type of chart that shows the sequence of operations in a process.
|
|
|
|
| frame of reference: | An individual worldview based on background, age, education, gender, values, politics, economic status, culture, occupation, health, and ethnicity that influences the creation of the speaker's message and the listener's interpretation of the message.
|
|
|
|
| frames: | Mental constructs that shape the way people see the world.
|
|
|
|
| Freedom of Information Act: | Enacted in 1966, it ensures access to federal documents outside the boundaries of nine specific exemptions.
|
|
|
|
| general audience: | An audience that is widely mixed in terms of demographics and attitudes.
|
|
|
|
| graph or data-driven graph: | A diagram that communicates numerical relationships; typically a data graph calculated by a software program.
|
|
|
|
| gratuitous image: | An unnecessary image, especially one that is too graphic, violent, or sexual. p. x)
|
|
|
|
| grouphate: | Negative feelings toward group participation.
|
|
|
|
| groupthink: | A kind of thinking in which the desire for unanimity discourages group members from taking a realistic look at a group task or problem; groupthink may cause group members to suppress confrontation, disagreement, and full analysis of the situation.
|
|
|
|
| hate speech: | Words that harass or promote discrimination or violence against social or ethnic groups of people, or a member of such a group.
|
|
|
|
| hearing: | An involuntary, biological process that occurs when a person's ears detect a sound; hearing is physiologically based whereas listening is the psychologically-based interpretation of incoming audio signals.
|
|
|
|
| heterosexist language: | Words that tell a listener that the speaker is acting on the premise that all people are heterosexual.
|
|
|
|
| hierarchy of needs: | A theory by Abraham Maslow that says that people are motivated by a range of needs; speakers can apply this theory for persuasive effect.
|
|
|
|
| homogeneous audience: | A group that has one or more important demographic or attitudinal characteristics in common.
|
|
|
|
| homophobic language: | Words that use homosexuality as a target of humor or disapproval.
|
|
|
|
| hypothetical example: | An illustration that looks into an unknown past or future; it shows what could have been or could be.
|
|
|
|
| hypothetical narrative: | An invented story; it conceptualizes past or future events or outcomes.
|
|
|
|
| illustrative support: | Forms of support that clarify, expand on, or provide more information for listeners; includes examples, descriptions, and explanations.
|
|
|
|
| illustrators: | Movements of the hands, head and other body parts that accompany speech, but have no meaning in and of themselves (as opposed to emblems).
|
|
|
|
| immediacy: | A measure of the closeness or intimacy, displayed through nonverbal behaviors, between a speaker and the listeners.
|
|
|
|
| important conversation: | The style of conversation used when talking to someone you respect; it is the style of conversation preferred for most public speaking situations.
|
|
|
|
| impromptu method: | A method of delivery wherein the speaker presents with little or no preparation; also known as improvising, ad-libbing or speaking off the cuff.
|
|
|
|
| inclusive language: | Words and phrases that act as a bridge to an audience, thereby increasing the speaker's chances of making a connection; this kind of language tells an audience that all listeners are welcomed and respected.
|
|
|
|
| individualistic culture: | A type of culture in which members tend to value the individual over the group.
|
|
|
|
| inductive reasoning: | A form of reasoning that starts with a specific instance and moves to a general principle.
|
|
|
|
| inflection: | The manipulation of vocal pitch to communicate a specific meaning.
|
|
|
|
| information literacy: | The ability to recognize the need for information and then find, understand, evaluate, and use the information in various forms for personal, social, or global purposes.
|
|
|
|
| informative speaking: | Speaking to enhance the knowledge of others.
|
|
|
|
| interdependence: | The idea that group members influence each other during the small group process.
|
|
|
|
| internal preview: | A type of transition that forecasts the next idea in the body of the speech.
|
|
|
|
| internal summary: | A type of transition that points to the importance of an idea just discussed.
|
|
|
|
| invisible web: | Also known as the deep web, it contains information that general search engines cannot access, including databases, virtual libraries, licensed information, and deliberately excluded pages.
|
|
|
|
| invitational rhetoric: | A type of speaking that is not purely informative or persuasive but, instead, finds a speaker engaging in dialogue with the audience to clarify positions, explore ideas, and express beliefs and values.
|
|
|
|
| jargon: | Language of a technical nature, specific to a profession or hobby, that might have little meaning outside of that group.
|
|
|
|
| keyword search: | The act of entering a few topic-related terms to cue a search engine to narrow down the information you're looking for.
|
|
|
|
| lay testimony: | Words from people who have first-hand knowledge or experience but are not considered experts in their field.
|
|
|
|
| legitimate power: | A type of power enjoyed when a person holds a particular position or office.
|
|
|
|
| line graph: | A type of graph that uses single or multiple lines to show trends over time.
|
|
|
|
| linking transition: | A type of transition that takes listeners from one part of the structure to the next, such as from the introduction to the body, or from one idea to the next; sometimes known as a bridge.
|
|
|
|
| listenability: | The degree to which a speech is easy to listen to; achieved through speaker actions that make it easier for the audience to listen.
|
|
|
|
| listener-centered public speaker: | A type of speaker who makes his or her ideas (whether simple or complex) easy for listeners to access, understand, and interact with—to listen to.
|
|
|
|
| listening: | A voluntary, mental process wherein a person receives a stimulus, chooses to attend to it, assigns it meaning, and responds to it.
|
|
|
|
| literal question: | A concrete question that requests an actual answer.
|
|
|
|
| literate (or written) style: | A style of language appropriately used when expressing ideas through the written word; this style is in contrast to the oral (or conversational) style people use when talking with one another.
|
|
|
|
| logos: | An appeal to the logical mind; one of three classical persuasive strategies identified by Greek philosopher Aristotle.
|
|
|
|
| main points: | The major ideas within the speech that support the thesis; main points are related to one another, are organized according to a recognizable pattern, and comprise the body of the speech.
|
|
|
|
| major premise: | A general principle containing an absolute relationship between two terms; part of a deductive argument.
|
|
|
|
| manuscript method: | A method of delivery wherein the speaker reads from a fully prepared text.
|
|
|
|
| memorized method: | A method of delivery wherein the speaker commits a prepared manuscript to memory and then recites it.
|
|
|
|
| message: | The verbal and nonverbal content that the speaker transmits to listeners.
|
|
|
|
| meta-listener: | A listener who is consciously aware of himself or herself engaging in the listening process.
|
|
|
|
| metaphor: | A figure of speech that compares two things by stating or suggesting that one thing represents (rather than is like) another.
|
|
|
|
| mind map: | A developmental technique for illustrating, linking, and documenting ideas and showing how they are connected.
|
|
|
|
| minor premise: | A specific instance about one of the terms in the major premise; part of a deductive argument.
|
|
|
|
| mnemonic device: | A memory trick or aid that need only make sense to an individual; it can help a speaker memorize key words for an outline.
|
|
|
|
| model: | A three-dimensional piece of visual support that shows a scaled-down version of an object too large or too dangerous to bring to the speaking event.
|
|
|
|
| monopitch or monotone: | A speaking voice with little variety in tone or inflection.
|
|
|
|
| Monroe's motivated sequence: | A format for persuasive speakers who want listeners to reconsider a predisposition, firm up a present commitment or move to action; the sequence relies on five steps – attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.
|
|
|
|
| motivational warrant: | A warrant that connects the evidence to the claim by appealing to audience members' values, needs, desires, emotions, and aspirations.
|
|
|
|
| muscle memory: | A kind of procedural memory that gets stored in your brain through repetition; it illustrates that practice binds the material to the body, helping the speaker remember what to say and do while presenting.
|
|
|
|
| narrative: | A story that a speaker tells to engage listeners and to support a point; the narrative may be one part of the speech or may comprise the entirety of the speech.
|
|
|
|
| narrative coherence: | The quality of a story that allows it to hang together well and make sense structurally.
|
|
|
|
| narrative fidelity: | The quality of a story that speaks to how true and human the story appears.
|
|
|
|
| narrative paradigm: | The notion that proposes that storytelling is so central to what it means to be human, that a story that rings true with listeners' experiences is often more effective than building up rational evidence or constructing a logical argument.
|
|
|
|
| noise: | Anything that prevents the audience and the speaker from understanding each other's messages.
|
|
|
|
| non-inclusive language: | Words or phrases that rely on negative stereotypes, derogatory remarks, or offensive terms; it is language that makes others feel inferior.
|
|
|
|
| nonverbal communication: | A type of communication expressed without words.
|
|
|
|
| object speech: | A speech that teaches the listeners about something visible, audible, or tangible.
|
|
|
|
| objective support: | Forms of support that are, for the most part, agreed upon, measurable, observable, and consistent; includes facts, definitions, and statistics.
|
|
|
|
| onomatopoeia: | A figure of speech that enriches imagery by using words that sound like what they describe.
|
|
|
|
| open access: | Those in the scholarly community who consent to make their intellectual work available for free online.
|
|
|
|
| open-ended question: | A type of question that allows people to elaborate (or not) as they wish.
|
|
|
|
| open-source website (or "wiki"): | A type of website where any and all are invited to create or edit most entries.
|
|
|
|
| oral (or conversational) style: | The style of language people rely on when talking with one another; this style is in contrast to the literate style people use when expressing ideas through the written word.
|
|
|
|
| oratory: | A manner of speaking studied and practiced by Greek and Roman scholars; it focused on speaking with competence, style and grace for persuasive purposes. Today, it refers to longer, more formal styled speeches of all kinds.
|
|
|
|
| organizational chart: | A type of chart that shows how authority and supervision are distributed within a company or organization.
|
|
|
|
| organizing term: | The word in the thesis that tells the listeners how the speaker plans to develop the narrowed topic.
|
|
|
|
| ownership: | An intimacy between the speaker and his or her ideas; it is displayed through familiarity with the content and confidence in delivery.
|
|
|
|
| pace: | The speed at which a speaker produces language.
|
|
|
|
| paralanguage: | The communicative qualities of the human voice; they include pace, pitch, volume, and emotional tone.
|
|
|
|
| parallel idea: | An idea within the speech that is equal in importance to another idea; main points, for example, are parallel to each other.
|
|
|
|
| paraphrasing: | Rewording another person's ideas in simpler terms; it changes the order of the other person's words but not the content.
|
|
|
|
| participant-observer: | A group member who actively contributes to the group's purpose while reflecting on the group dynamics (and adapting when necessary).
|
|
|
|
| passive listening: | A type of listening that takes relatively little energy; paying half-hearted attention to incoming stimuli either by choice or by habit.
|
|
|
|
| pathos: | An appeal to an audience's emotions; one of three classical persuasive strategies identified by Greek philosopher Aristotle.
|
|
|
|
| pattern of organization: | The arrangement of the main supporting points.
|
|
|
|
| peer-reviewed article: | An article in a journal that has been found acceptable by other experts in the field prior to publication.
|
|
|
|
| performance orientation: | An approach to public speaking wherein the speaker perceives the speech as a performance and the audience as a group of critics; this approach is in contrast to the communication orientation wherein the speaker relies on the familiar goal of conveying ideas to other people.
|
|
|
|
| personal growth group: | A type of group in which members provide support to each other as each seeks understanding, new skills, comfort or strength during a challenging time.
|
|
|
|
| personal speaking goal: | One specific, measurable skill that a speaker focuses on for a particular presentation for continued speaking improvement.
|
|
|
|
| persuasion: | The act of deliberately attempting to influence the thinking or actions of others.
|
|
|
|
| photo illustration: | A created image from one or more photographs.
|
|
|
|
| physical context: | The physical characteristics of the speaking space such as location, size, lighting, and acoustical properties.
|
|
|
|
| pie graph: | A graph that shows how one-hundred percent of something is broken down into smaller segments; the segments of the pie always add back up to one-hundred percent.
|
|
|
|
| pitch: | The high or low tone of a speaker's voice, as on a musical scale.
|
|
|
|
| plagiarism: | Attempting to pass off another's idea, or a close imitation of it, as one's own.
|
|
|
|
| polled data: | Information gathered, typically by a polling organization, about the opinions and habits of a group of people.
|
|
|
|
| power of the podium: | A symbol of truth and authority that speakers enjoy; speakers have a responsibility to use this power ethically throughout the speechmaking process.
|
|
|
|
| preparation outline: | Also known as the working outline, this document presents a speaker's thoughts in one place; it lets the speaker plan the order of the ideas while ensuring that those ideas relate to one another logically, are well balanced, and are adequately supported.
|
|
|
|
| primacy: | The principle that audiences are more likely to remember the points you make first.
|
|
|
|
| primary research: | Research that is collected directly from experiments, case studies, surveys, observation, and interviews.
|
|
|
|
| problem-cause-solution pattern: | A pattern of organization in which the first point defines a problem, the second argues the causes for this problem, and the third proposes a solution that lessens or eliminates the cause.
|
|
|
|
| problem-solution pattern: | A pattern of organization that defines a problem and offers a feasible solution for it.
|
|
|
|
| problem-solving group: | A type of group in which people address some sort of issue or challenge.
|
|
|
|
| process speech: | A speech that describes a series of actions or events that result in a specific outcome or end product.
|
|
|
|
| pronunciation: | The way a speaker forms the sound of a word – where the stress is and how many syllables there are.
|
|
|
|
| proxemics: | A category of nonverbal communication defined by interpersonal distance; how close or how far a speaker stands from the audience.
|
|
|
|
| pseudo-listening: | Having the appearance of listening without actually being engaged; fake listening.
|
|
|
|
| psychological context: | The moods and frames of mind of the people engaged in the public speaking transaction.
|
|
|
|
| public listener: | A person actively working to access, understand, and interact a public message.
|
|
|
|
| public memory theory: | A contemporary persuasive theory that points to the power of TV, music, radio, film, and memorials to persuade people about the past and the way they remember it.
|
|
|
|
| Q&A: | "Question-and-answer" session, wherein audience members query the speaker or make comments on the speaker's content at the end of the speech.
|
|
|
|
| racist language: | Words and phrases that tell a listener that a speaker organizes the world according to race, most often in reference to ability, occupation, behavior, and preferences.
|
|
|
|
| reasoning: | The process of supporting a claim using sufficient, true (or probable), and relevant evidence, which is logically arranged and linked to the claim by a warrant.
|
|
|
|
| reasoning backward: | Arguing from effect to cause during causal reasoning.
|
|
|
|
| reasoning forward: | Arguing from cause to effect during causal reasoning.
|
|
|
|
| receiver: | The person who receives the sender's message; an audience member; a listener.
|
|
|
|
| recency: | The principle that audiences are more likely to remember the points you make last.
|
|
|
|
| red herring fallacy: | An occurrence of unsound reasoning that raises an irrelevant topic in order to divert attention away from the original issue.
|
|
|
|
| References: | A list, in alphabetical order by last name of author, editor, etc., of full citations to any work cited, referenced, or paraphrased in a speech. It's typically used when using APA (American Psychological Association) style.
|
|
|
|
| referent power: | A type of power that comes from possessing qualities that others find attractive.
|
|
|
|
| reflective-thinking process: | A well-defined five-step process for making a meaningful group decision.
|
|
|
|
| relational dialectics: | A concept noting that communication—interacting with others—is used to construct relationships and understanding within those relationships.
|
|
|
|
| relationship-oriented role: | A type of group role that helps group members work well together.
|
|
|
|
| relevance: | A criterion for ensuring that supporting material has some sensible or logical connection to the idea being communicated.
|
|
|
|
| repetition: | A figure of speech that uses a recurring word or phrase.
|
|
|
|
| resolution: | The part of a narrative, after the climax, where the conflict is resolved.
|
|
|
|
| rhetorical participation: | The result of a speaker inviting listeners to contemplate an issue, consider a scenario, reflect on a value, or mull over a proposal without making a verbal response.
|
|
|
|
| rhetorical question: | A question that inspires thought without requiring an answer.
|
|
|
|
| scene: | The part of a narrative that explains where and when the action is taking place.
|
|
|
|
| search engine: | A software program that lets users access information about a given topic; Google, Yahoo! and Bing are among the most popular search engines.
|
|
|
|
| secondary research: | Research that is gathered, collected or organized from existing sources.
|
|
|
|
| self-serving role: | A type of group role that serves the individual at the expense of the group.
|
|
|
|
| sender: | A person motivated to send a message; the speaker.
|
|
|
|
| setup: | The part of a narrative where the character(s) and scene are introduced and the action starts.
|
|
|
|
| sexist language: | Words and phrases that tell a listener that a speaker organizes the world according to sex or gender, most often in reference to occupation, ability, or behavior.
|
|
|
|
| signpost: | A quick word or phrase that indicates to listeners where the speaker is in the speech, or indicates the relationship of one idea to the next; a signpost comes in the form of a number, a common transition word, a short phrase, or a question.
|
|
|
|
| simile: | A figure of speech that compares two things by using the word like or as.
|
|
|
|
| slander: | False statements that defame another's character, potentially harming that person's standing in the community or at work.
|
|
|
|
| slang: | Words used and immediately understood within a specific group, be it a small collection of friends, a city, a region, a co-culture, or a country.
|
|
|
|
| slideware: | Presentation software, such as PowerPoint, Prezi, or Keynote.
|
|
|
|
| slippery slope fallacy: | An occurrence of unsound reasoning that argues an inevitable connection from one event to another, bypassing possible or probable links that may or may not exist.
|
|
|
|
| small group: | A relatively small number of individuals who work together toward an identified goal while influencing each other during the process.
|
|
|
|
| spatial pattern: | A pattern of organization that discusses the topic according to the way things fit together in a physical space of any size. The supporting points relate to one another according to a geographical pattern or a relative physical relationship, such as top to bottom, east to west, inside to outside.
|
|
|
|
| speaker credibility: | A perceived quality a speaker earns through displaying knowledge, preparation, confidence, and a commitment to ethics and civility; it assures listeners that the speaker is the right person for the specific speech.
|
|
|
|
| speaker's energy: | The preferred label (rather than nervousness or anxiety) for the rush of adrenaline many speakers feel prior to a public speech.
|
|
|
|
| speaking logistics: | The details of the speaking event, including the date, time, and schedule of events and speakers.
|
|
|
|
| speaking notes: | The set of notes prepared from a preparation outline a few days in advance of the presentation; they consist of the words, phrases, and symbols the speaker needs to remember what to say while speaking.
|
|
|
|
| speech of acceptance: | A special occasion speech given by someone receiving an award or honor.
|
|
|
|
| speech of commemoration: | A special occasion speech that recognizes an event, a place or an idea.
|
|
|
|
| speech of definition: | An informative speech that gives a fuller understanding of a term, typically one that refers to an object or a concept.
|
|
|
|
| speech of description: | An informative speech wherein the speaker provides a collection of details, uses vivid words, and shows pictures that allow the audience to "see" something in a new way.
|
|
|
|
| speech of explanation: | An informative speech that begins with something that is or was—an event, an object, a theory, a process, a situation, a fact—and provides reasons or causes for its existence or looks at potential consequences of its existence.
|
|
|
|
| speech of introduction: | A special occasion speech that prepares an audience for an upcoming speaker or event.
|
|
|
|
| speech of tribute: | A special occasion speech that pays honor or respect to another person.
|
|
|
|
| speech to inspire: | A special occasion speech that encourages, moves or rouses listeners to create positive change.
|
|
|
|
| speech to instruct: | An informative speech that teaches the audience about a procedure or task, providing tips, pointers, and directions on how listeners can achieve better results in the future.
|
|
|
|
| speech to report: | An informative speech wherein the speaker collects information from various sources and combines it in an easily understood package to allow listeners to better understand situations.
|
|
|
|
| speeches to inform: | A general type of speech, it helps listeners understand new or useful ideas from the world around them.
|
|
|
|
| speeches to mark a special occasion: | A general type of speech that celebrates important people or places, honors memorable events, or shares humorous ideas.
|
|
|
|
| speeches to persuade: | A general type of speech, it aims to create, change or reinforce the thinking or actions of others.
|
|
|
|
| statistics: | Numerical data that describe some sort of relationship.
|
|
|
|
| storyboarding: | A visual thinking process that involves sequencing a series of images to tell a story.
|
|
|
|
| sub-subpoints: | Points within the speech outline that support a subpoint.
|
|
|
|
| subjective support: | Forms of support that are based on thoughts, opinions, experience, or feelings; includes emotional proof and personal experience.
|
|
|
|
| subordinate idea: | An idea within the speech that supports another idea; it has less weight than a superior idea.
|
|
|
|
| subpoints: | A point within the speech outline that supports a main point.
|
|
|
|
| substantive warrant: | A warrant that uses the reliability and sometimes the quantity of the evidence to support the claim.
|
|
|
|
| superior idea: | An idea within the speech that needs other ideas to support it; it has more weight than a subordinate idea.
|
|
|
|
| SWOT analysis: | A tool that businesses and organizations use to distinguish themselves from their competitors and successfully compete in their market according to their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Public speakers can use a version of this tool to help identify talents and opportunities in public speaking.
|
|
|
|
| syllogism: | A form of deductive reasoning that claims absolute relationships between the major premise and minor premise.
|
|
|
|
| take-away: | An idea, instruction, or suggestion for further action, often given in the conclusion of a speech.
|
|
|
|
| task role: | A type of group role that helps the group achieve its mission.
|
|
|
|
| teleprompter: | A device displaying a prepared text on a screen at the speaker's eye level, giving listeners the impression of eye contact; speakers read their speech from a teleprompter.
|
|
|
|
| temporal context: | The point at which a speech is given, relative to the time of day, to the time in history, or to other presentations on the same topic.
|
|
|
|
| testimony: | Words from other people that support an idea a speaker is trying to make.
|
|
|
|
| thesis: | Also known as the central idea, it's the one or two sentences typically offered in the introduction of a speech that state exactly what the listeners should know, do, or believe by the end of the speech; the point the speaker is trying to make and how he or she intends to make it.
|
|
|
|
| time limit: | The allotted window of time a speaker has to present.
|
|
|
|
| time management: | Making effective use of time when faced with conflicting priorities or limited time in which to act.
|
|
|
|
| timeline: | A kind of chart that show key events arranged chronologically.
|
|
|
|
| toast: | A special occasion speech that briefly honors a person or an event.
|
|
|
|
| topic: | The subject matter of the speech.
|
|
|
|
| topical pattern: | A pattern of organization that divides the topic into subclasses or subtopics based on their similarity; also known as classification or division pattern.
|
|
|
|
| transactional communication: | A communication situation in which messages flow in two directions simultaneously, with the speaker and the audience both acting as senders and receivers.
|
|
|
|
| transitions: | Overt verbal clues that help listeners follow the progression and relationship of ideas within the speech.
|
|
|
|
| triggers: | The key words and phrases on speaking notes that prompt the speaker; used in extemporaneous and impromptu speaking.
|
|
|
|
| true thesis: | A thesis that contains one central idea and is backed up by main points that are inevitable and not easily substitutable.
|
|
|
|
| truthiness: | A devotion to information one wishes were true even if it's not.
|
|
|
|
| uptalk: | A pattern of producing statements with an upward inflection, as if asking a question.
|
|
|
|
| urban legend: | Stories that many or most people believe to be true, but are not.
|
|
|
|
| verbal junk: | Sounds such as uh, like, um.
|
|
|
|
| virtual library: | A general, international, discipline-specific, or topic specific digital library, containing much of what you would find in print collections, but you access it in digital format.
|
|
|
|
| visual literacy: | Effectively understanding and conveying ideas through visual means.
|
|
|
|
| visual support: | Material like images, animations, charts, and models, to enhance your speaking ideas.
|
|
|
|
| volume: | How loud or how soft a speaker's voice is.
|
|
|
|
| warrant: | The link between the evidence and the claim, used while reasoning.
|
|
|
|
| Works Cited: | A list, in alphabetical order by last name of author, editor, etc., of full citations to any work cited, referenced, or paraphrased in a speech. It's typically used when using MLA (Modern Languages Association) style.
|