Traditional intelligence tests take into account the ages of children but may put more emphasis on certain types of intelligence. Howard Gardner identified eight types of intelligence. According to Piaget's theory, children ages two to seven are in the preoperational period of thinking. Vygotsky and Montessori introduced influential theories of learning.

Everyday life offers many opportunities for learning. Caregivers who make reading a regular part of children's lives are encouraging them to enjoy books in the future and are promoting learning. Between ages four and six, children's language skills usually improve rapidly, but some children need help. Children starting school can be helped to prepare for new situations.