109. The Emergence of Independent Nations in South Asia and Southeast Asia

1. End of the British Empire in Asia
• [Primary Source Pakistan Resolution of Muslim League, 1940]
• [Primary Source Ganhdi, Quit India campaign, 1942]
• [Primary Source Jawaharlal Nehru, Speech on the Granting of Indian Independence, 1947]
• [Primary Source British Government Policy Statement on Burma, 1945]
• [Image Gandhi assassinated in 1948]
• [Primary Source Kashmir Crisis, 1947]
• [Image Indian army in Kashmir, 1948]
• [Primary Source Declaration of Pakistan and India on Jammu and Kashmir, 1966]
• [Primary Source Nehru, Speech to Bandung Conference, 1955]

2. Nehru's Successors
• [Image Indira Gandhi]
• [Image Massacre at Golden Temple at Amritsar]
• [Image Rajiv Gandhi]
• [Image Communal Riots of 1992]
• [Map Tsunami’s Impact on India]

3. Fifty Years of Independence

4. The Islamic Republic of Pakistan
• [Image Poster from Bangladesh war of independence, 1971]
• [Image Fish Market, Dhaka, Bangladesh]

5. The Union of Burma (Myanmar)
• [Primary Source U Nu, Burma Looks Ahead, 1951]

6. Malaysia

7. End of the Dutch Empire: Indonesia
• [Image Sukarno]
• [Image General Suharto]
• [Image Arrest of a Communist]
• [Image Rebels in Aceh]

8. End of the French Colonial Empire: Indochina
• [Primary Source Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam, 1945]
• [Primary Source Declaration of the Geneva Conference on Restoring Peace in Indochina, 1954]

9. The Americans and the Philippines
• [Image Emilio Aguinaldo]
• [Primary Source Declaration of Philippine Independence, 1898]

110. The African Revolution

1. The African Revolution
• [Image Aids in Africa]
• [Image Aids patient]
• [Image Wole Soyinka]
• [Primary Source Charter of the Organization of African Unity, 1963]

2. French North Africa and the War in Algeria

3. End of British Rule in West Africa: Ghana and Nigeria
• [Primary Source Kwame Nkrumah, I Speak of Freedom, 1961]
• [Primary Source All-African People's Conference, Resolution on Imperialism and Colonialism, 1958]

4. End of British Rule in East Africa: Kenya and Uganda
• [Primary Source Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya Africa Union is Not the Mau Mau, 1952]
• [Primary Source Eriya Kategaya, Statement on AIDS in Uganda, 2001]

5. The French Sub-Saharan Empire
• The Belgian Congo: From Mobutu's Zaire to the Democratic Republic of Congo
• [Image Patrice Lumumba]
• [Image Joseph Desire Mobutu]
• [Primary Source U Thant, The Congo Problem, 1962]

6. Independence Movements in the Belgian Congo and Portugal’s African Colonies

111. Europe and the Middle East

1. The Islamic and the Arab World
• [Primary Source Pact of the League of Arab States, 1945]

2. The Emergence of Israel
• [Primary Source Balfour Declaration, 1917]
• [Image Israel Declares Independence]
• [Primary Source Arab League declaration on the invasion of Palestine, 1948]
• [Image Bombardment of Jerusalem by Arab Legion]

3. The New State of Israel
• [Image David Ben-Gurion and First Israeli government, 1949]
• [Primary Source David Ben-Gurion, Broadcast After The Arab Invasion, 1948]
• [Image Knesset building]

4. The Arab-Israeli Wars after Independence
• [Map Golan Heights]
• [Map War in Sinai, 1973]
• [Primary Source Eisenhower Doctrine]
• [Image Menachem Begin]
• [Image Anwar al-Sadat]
• [Image King Hussein]


• [Primary Source The Palestinian National Charter, 1968]
• [Images Second intifada 2000]

5. The Revolution in Iran
• [Image Shah of Iran]
• [Image Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returning from exile, 1979]
• [Primary Source Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, The Uprising of Khurdad 15, 1979]
• [Image Seizure of American Embassy in Tehran, 1979]


• [Image Saddam Hussein]
• [Image Iran-Iraq War]