The materialistic and nonmaterialistic bases of European definitions of civilization.
The causes of demographic growth within Europe.
Changes in European society brought about by urban life, new family patterns, and extensive migration from Europe to other parts of the world.
How the industrial revolution entered a new phase, spread across the continent, and drew the rest of the world into an integrated world market.
The advantages and insecurities of the newly-founded world market, as well as the opposition that capitalism roused from socialists and labor.
The renewed efforts to establish the Third Republic in France, and the instabilities and tensions that troubled that republic.
The rise of British labor and Liberal responses to the founding of the Labour party.
The rise of the Irish Question in Europe.
The challenges presented to Bismarck's power by the Catholic Church and socialism, and the chancellor's repression of both.
Changes within Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary, where constitutionalism and liberal ideals were sometimes advanced, but at other moments were stifled.
The overall advance in democracy, especially with the expansion of suffrage throughout Europe.
