Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology (Shier), 13th Edition

Learning Outcome 21.4

1			Which of these is NOT a transcellular fluid?
			A)	interstitial fluid
			B)	vitreous humor
			C)	peritoneal fluid
			D)	mucus

Learning Outcome 21.1

2			Which of these is relatively high in extracellular fluids?
			A)	potassium
			B)	calcium
			C)	phosphate
			D)	sodium

Learning Outcome 21.4

3			What is the main force that causes water to move among the various fluid compartments?
			A)	osmosis
			B)	filtration
			C)	hydrostatic pressure
			D)	dialysis

Learning Outcome 21.4

4			What is the main force that causes fluid to leave the plasma compartment?
			A)	osmosis
			B)	hydrostatic pressure
			C)	dialysis
			D)	filtration

Learning Outcome 21.6

5			Which of the following favor the development of edema?
			A)	hypoproteinemia
			B)	decreased venous pressure
			C)	decreased capillary permeability
			D)	lymphatic flow

Learning Outcome 21.7

6			Which of these is NOT a usual cause of hypoproteinemia?
			A)	glomerulonephritis
			B)	poor diet
			C)	diuresis
			D)	liver disease

Learning Outcome 21.8

7			What can be a direct cause of ascites?
			A)	hypertension
			B)	hepatic disease
			C)	glomerulonephritis
			D)	renal failure

Learning Outcome 21.6

8			What causes the edema seen in inflammations?
			A)	hyperproteinemia
			B)	histamine
			C)	hypertension
			D)	cell damage

Learning Outcome 21.8

9			Which of the following is NOT true in Addison's disease?
			A)	sodium decreases
			B)	potassium decreases
			C)	adrenal cortex failure
			D)	low aldosterone

Learning Outcome 21.13

10			When a strong base reacts with the bicarbonate buffer system, ______ is formed from the base.
			A)	water
			B)	carbon dioxide
			C)	bicarbonate ion
			D)	carbonic acid

Learning Outcome 21.13

11			When an acid reacts with the bicarbonate buffer system, ______ is formed as an end product.
			A)	NaCl
			B)	water
			C)	carbonic acid
			D)	bicarbonate ion

Learning Outcome 21.13

12			What happens to HCl in the phosphate buffer reaction?
			A)	ionizes
			B)	forms water
			C)	forms H2PO4-
			D)	forms a weak acid and salt

Learning Outcome 21.13

13			What reacts with excess acids in protein buffers?
			A)	carboxyl group
			B)	amino group
			C)	CO2
			D)	NH3+

Learning Outcome 21.13

14			What reacts with the excess bases in protein buffers?
			A)	NH2
			B)	carbon dioxide
			C)	NH3+
			D)	COO

Learning Outcome 21.13

15			What buffers the addition of hydrogen in blood cells following the uptake of carbon dioxide?
			A)	albumin
			B)	bicarbonate
			C)	hemoglobin
			D)	phosphate

Learning Outcome 21.8

16			_______________ ions account for nearly 90% of the positively charged ions found in extracellular fluid.
			A)	potassium
			B)	calcium
			C)	sodium
			D)	sulfate

Learning Outcome 21.4

17			How is the excess tissue fluid returned to the blood?
			A)	hydrostatic forces
			B)	through the capillaries
			C)	lymphatic vessels
			D)	tissue osmosis

Learning Outcome 21.6

18			About _____% of the total daily intake of water is derived from internal cell metabolism.
			A)	33
			B)	10
			C)	80
			D)	60

Learning Outcome 21.5

19			As total body water decreases, the _____ of the extracellular fluid increases.
			A)	amount of sodium
			B)	osmotic pressure
			C)	hydrostatic pressure
			D)	protein level

Learning Outcome 21.6

20			The main factor that causes the kidney to conserve water is _____.
			A)	ADH
			B)	osmosis
			C)	renin production
			D)	plasma filtration pressure

Learning Outcome 21.6

21			ADH is secreted from the _____.
			A)	hypothalamus
			B)	posterior pituitary
			C)	anterior pituitary
			D)	kidney

Learning Outcome 21.6

22			Which of the following would have a diuretic effect? :
			A)	eating salty pretzels
			B)	drinking alcohol
			C)	sleeping
			D)	most drugs

Learning Outcome 21.6

23			ADH has a direct effect on _____.
			A)	blood pressure
			B)	water reabsorption
			C)	blood concentration
			D)	all of these

Learning Outcome 21.5

24			Excessive vomiting usually results in the disorder of _____.
			A)	water intoxication
			B)	dehydration
			C)	edema
			D)	hypoproteinemia

Learning Outcome 21.6

25			The symptoms of dehydration result from loss of _____ water.
			A)	intracellular
			B)	extracellular
			C)	blood
			D)	transcellular

Learning Outcome 21.8

26			The effects of water intoxication are usually related to _____.
			A)	blood pressure
			B)	hypoproteinemia
			C)	low sodium
			D)	high potassium

Learning Outcome 21.7

27			Where are most electrolytes normally lost?
			A)	feces
			B)	sweating
			C)	urine
			D)	respiration

Learning Outcome 21.7

28			What is the most abundant extracellular cation?
			A)	potassium
			B)	Mg2+
			C)	chloride
			D)	sodium

Learning Outcome 21.8

29			Which factor accounts for the ability of the body to conserve high levels of sodium?
			A)	blood pressure
			B)	aldosterone
			C)	kidney function
			D)	adequate diet

Learning Outcome 21.8

30			Which ion is usually exchanged for sodium absorption?
			A)	Cl-
			B)	bicarbonate
			C)	K+
			D)	H+

Learning Outcome 21.8

31			Which cells are most sensitive to electrolyte changes?
			A)	osteoblasts
			B)	epithelial
			C)	leukocytes
			D)	neurons

Learning Outcome 21.8

32			Which of these is NOT an effect of parathyroid hormone?
			A)	osteoclast stimulation
			B)	increase in blood Ca2+
			C)	increase in renal elimination
			D)	increase in intestinal absorption

Learning Outcome 21.8

33			Which ion is directly related to calcium homeostasis?
			A)	Mg2+
			B)	sodium
			C)	phosphate
			D)	chloride

Learning Outcome 21.8

34			Hyperparathyroidism usually causes an increase in _____.
			A)	potassium
			B)	calcium
			C)	phosphate
			D)	sodium

Learning Outcome 21.8

35			Which of the following does NOT become involved with maintaining blood calcium balance?
			A)	skeletal muscle
			B)	bone
			C)	kidneys
			D)	intestine

Learning Outcome 21.8

36			Which of the following is NOT related to hypocalcemia?
			A)	vitamin D deficiency
			B)	muscle weakness
			C)	tetany
			D)	cardiac arrhythmia

Learning Outcome 21.11

37			What is the most important ion, which affects all of the functions of the others?
			A)	H+
			B)	Na+
			C)	K+
			D)	phosphate

Learning Outcome 21.11

38			Which of the following will NOT produce H+ ions?
			A)	respiration of glucose
			B)	oxidation of fatty acids
			C)	synthesis of phosphoproteins
			D)	oxidation of sulfur amino acids

Learning Outcome 21.9

39			Which of these is NOT associated with acidity?
			A)	H3PO4
			B)	lactic
			C)	ketone
			D)	glucose

Learning Outcome 21.8

40			What is a likely cause of hypernatremia?
			A)	high salt in the diet
			B)	kidney failure
			C)	diabetes insipidus
			D)	vomiting

Learning Outcome 21.8

41			Hypokalemia could result from all of these except which one?
			A)	vomiting
			B)	Addison's disease
			C)	Cushing's disease
			D)	renal failure

Learning Outcome 21.9

42			Which of the following acts as a base in body fluids?
			A)	H+
			B)	HCl
			C)	H2CO3
			D)	HCO3-

Learning Outcome 21.13

43			Which of the following does NOT play a significant role in maintaining acid-base balance?
			A)	blood buffers
			B)	stomach
			C)	kidney
			D)	respiration

Learning Outcome 21.13

44			Which of the following could act by itself as a buffer?
			A)	bicarbonate ion
			B)	H2PO4-
			C)	albumin
			D)	carbonic acid

Learning Outcome 21.13

45			The purpose of a buffer system is to _____.
			A)	prevent pH increases only
			B)	increase acidity
			C)	decrease pH
			D)	stabilize pH

Learning Outcome 21.13

46			Which factor greatly increases the reaction between carbon dioxide and water?
			A)	carbonic anhydrase
			B)	concentration of carbon dioxide
			C)	concentration of bicarbonate
			D)	pH of hemoglobin

Learning Outcome 21.9

47			Which of the following is an effect of acidosis?
			A)	increased diuresis
			B)	decreased diuresis
			C)	mental confusion
			D)	seizures

Learning Outcome 21.13

48			Which blood parameter is directly affected by breathing?
			A)	blood pH
			B)	carbon dioxide
			C)	bicarbonate levels
			D)	buffer chemicals

Learning Outcome 21.13

49			During periods of acidosis, the kidney will secrete _____ into the urine.
			A)	carbon dioxide
			B)	K+
			C)	H2PO4
			D)	HPO4

Learning Outcome 21.13

50			In an attempt to remove acid from the blood, the kidneys will secrete _____ into the urine compartment.
			A)	ammonia
			B)	NH4+
			C)	chloride
			D)	monohydrogen phosphate

Learning Outcome 21.10

51			Which mechanism requires the most time to regulate pH?
			A)	bicarbonate buffer
			B)	phosphate buffer
			C)	respiration
			D)	renal function

Learning Outcome 21.14

52			Which condition is a generalized accumulation of body edematous tissues?
			A)	azotemia
			B)	anuria
			C)	acetonemia
			D)	anasarca

Learning Outcome 21.10

53			What is the normal pH of the blood?
			A)	7.40-7.50
			B)	7.35-7.45
			C)	6.8-7.9
			D)	7.0-8.0

Learning Outcome 21.10

54			What is the pH range compatible with life?
			A)	7.35-7.45
			B)	7.0-9.0
			C)	6.8-8.0
			D)	5-9

Learning Outcome 21.14

55			Hyperventilation from anxiety usually causes _____.
			A)	respiratory acidosis
			B)	metabolic acidosis
			C)	respiratory alkalosis
			D)	metabolic alkalosis

Learning Outcome 21.6

56			Edema can be caused by all of these factors except ________________.
			A)	an increase in the plasma protein concentration
			B)	obstruction of lymphatic vessels
			C)	increased capillary permeability because of inflammation
			D)	increased venous pressure

Learning Outcome 21.8

57			The imbalance known as ____________ can be caused by certain diuretic medications.
			A)	hyponatremia
			B)	hypernatremia
			C)	hypokalemia
			D)	hyperkalemia

Learning Outcome 21.9

58			Which of the following does NOT occur as a result of a shift in the acid- base balance of the body?
			A)	an alteration in the rate of enzyme-controlled metabolic reactions
			B)	an increase in metabolic efficiency within the cells
			C)	a shift in the distribution of other ions
			D)	a modification in hormone actions

Learning Outcome 21.11

59			Choose the factor that is NOT a major metabolic source of hydrogen ions in the body.
			A)	aerobic and anaerobic respiration of glucose
			B)	oxidation of amino acids that contain sulfur
			C)	hydrolysis of phosphoproteins
			D)	dehydration synthesis of nucleic acids

Learning Outcome 21.11

60			How is it possible for the rate and depth of breathing to affect hydrogen ion concentrations in body fluids?
			A)	During increased air exchange, more oxygen is exchanged with body cells, binding hydrogen ions.
			B)	During increased air exchange, more carbon dioxide is given off, returning hydrogen ion concentrations to normal.
			C)	During increased respiration over the long term, more hemoglobin is produced, thus increasing the buffering of the blood
			D)	The rate and depth of breathing does not alter hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids.

Learning Outcome 21.10

61			Which of these is considered a secondary defense against changes in pH?
			A)	renal excretion of hydrogen ions
			B)	the bicarbonate buffer system
			C)	the phosphate buffer system
			D)	the protein buffer system

Learning Outcome 21.2

62			Which of these values would be the smallest?
			A)	metabolic water
			B)	water output
			C)	water in food
			D)	water in beverages

Learning Outcome 21.6

63			Which of these conditions leads to a severe, life- threatening water loss?
			A)	diabetes mellitus, type 1
			B)	diabetes mellitus, type 2
			C)	diabetes insipidus
			D)	hyponatremia

Learning Outcome 21.6

64			An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid is termed ______.
			A)	inflammation
			B)	necrosis
			C)	hypoproteinemia
			D)	edema

Learning Outcome 21.8

65			The most serious consequence of potassium imbalances is _____.
			A)	seizure
			B)	nerve damage
			C)	renal failure
			D)	cardiac abnormalities

Learning Outcome 21.10

66			What is the normal pH of the blood?
			A)	7-8
			B)	7.35-7.45
			C)	7.10-7.50
			D)	7.3-7.4

Learning Outcome 21.13

67			What is the most significant inorganic plasma buffer?
			A)	phosphate
			B)	albumin
			C)	hemoglobin
			D)	bicarbonate

Learning Outcome 21.13

68			What is the most effective intracellular inorganic buffer?
			A)	bicarbonate
			B)	phosphate
			C)	hemoglobin
			D)	lactate

Learning Outcome 21.14

69			Diabetic ketoacidosis is an example of which imbalance?
			A)	respiratory acidosis
			B)	respiratory alkalosis
			C)	metabolic alkalosis
			D)	metabolic acidosis

Learning Outcome 21.5

70			During the drinking of water, the stretching of the stomach causes a hypothalamic reflex to send impulse to the nervous system causing the person to stop.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.6

71			The osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus cannot detect the change in body fluids until the loss is decreased to around 20% of body water.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.6

72			The ability to sweat is the major method of regulating body water and concentration.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.6

73			Loss of blood from trauma will usually reduce the amount of urine that is produced.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.6

74			Diuretics can have an effect of reducing blood pressure.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.6

75			Drinking water can cause intoxication with symptoms similar to alcohol.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.6

76			Edema caused by surgical procedures or inflammation is always serious and must be treated.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.6

77			Diuretics could be used to reduce the edema seen in the legs or sacral regions.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.2

78			Surgical removal of a breast can cause edema in the arm.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.7

79			Most of the requirement for electrolytes can be adequately met by water drinking.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.8

80			Cells attempt to maintain electrical charge stability by transporting ions such as sodium inward as soon as they are lost from cell.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.8

81			Breast, lung or bone cancers can cause hypercalcemia.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.13

82			Increases in carbon dioxide production usually result in a decrease in acidity.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.10

83			The oxidation of fatty or amino acids always must cause a decrease in pH.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.10

84			Factors that decrease the pH of a solution must always increase the acidity.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.8

85			Diuretics have a higher probability of causing a sodium rather than a potassium depletion.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.8

86			Either hyperkalemia or hypokalemia could be associated with muscle paralysis or cardiac arrhythmias.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.12

87			Carbonated beverages usually have a higher pH than stomach secretions?
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.13

88			Both components of the phosphate buffer system are acids, which breaks the normal buffering rules.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.13

89			Holding one's breath tends to make the blood more acidic.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.9

90			Renal secretion of phosphate acids is an example of renal compensation for respiratory acidosis.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.10

91			A pH of 7.1 in a diabetic is caused by the production of compounds such as beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.13

92			The respiratory centers in the pons and medulla are able to alter the pH of the blood.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.10

93			A person's blood may be alkaline at the same time they are considered to be in acidosis.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.6

94			If blood plasma becomes more concentrated, the high osmotic pressure will cause neurons (osmoreceptors) to swell.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.8

95			The presence of sodium in the blood can be detected by the osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus.
			A)	True
			B)	False

Learning Outcome 21.13

96			The phosphate buffer system is more important in extracellular fluids.
			A)	True
			B)	False