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1 | | Four of the following are advantages that the United States enjoyed in its rise to industrial supremacy in the late nineteenth century. Which is the exception? |
| | A) | favorable government policies |
| | B) | an abundance of basic raw materials |
| | C) | a growing labor supply and expanding market |
| | D) | a high level of basic research in pure science |
| | E) | the emergence of new technology |
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2 | | During the 1870s and 1880s, the railroad industry |
| | A) | reduced the amount of track miles in the United States. |
| | B) | increased the amount of track in the United States by 10,000 miles. |
| | C) | increased the amount of track in the United States by 40,000 miles. |
| | D) | increased the amount of track in the United States by 100,000 miles. |
| | E) | doubled the amount of track miles in the United States. |
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3 | | Both the Bessemer-Kelly process and the open-hearth process are methods of |
| | A) | mining coal. |
| | B) | producing steel. |
| | C) | pasteurizing milk. |
| | D) | refining petroleum. |
| | E) | producing cast iron. |
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4 | | The oil industry was important in the late nineteenth century as |
| | A) | a source of fuel to satisfy the growing American demand. |
| | B) | the producer of a lubricant for the machines of the steel industry. |
| | C) | a replacement for coal as an energy source. |
| | D) | a source of petrochemicals. |
| | E) | All these answers are correct. |
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5 | | The term "Taylorism" refers to |
| | A) | scientific management in industry. |
| | B) | a revival of pride in craftsmanship. |
| | C) | a movement to organize unskilled labor. |
| | D) | a movement away from mass-produced clothing. |
| | E) | a method of industrial automation. |
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6 | | Henry Ford's main contribution to American industrialism was his |
| | A) | invention of the internal combustion engine. |
| | B) | introduction of structured management organization. |
| | C) | investment in research and development. |
| | D) | use of the moving assembly line to achieve mass production. |
| | E) | introduction of the Model T Ford automobile. |
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7 | | Each of the following was true about the railroads between 1860 and 1900 EXCEPT |
| | A) | they were the nation's biggest investors. |
| | B) | they increased the miles of track in the United States by over six times during these four decades. |
| | C) | they democratized control over the nation's transportation system. |
| | D) | they were built largely through government subsidies. |
| | E) | they promoted economic development along their rail lines. |
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8 | | Andrew Carnegie made his principle fortune in the field of |
| | A) | steel. |
| | B) | banking. |
| | C) | shipping. |
| | D) | petroleum. |
| | E) | telephones. |
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9 | | The legal principle that made investment in corporations attractive and made the growth of huge corporations possible was |
| | A) | caveat emptor. |
| | B) | accelerated depreciation. |
| | C) | tax-free capital accumulation. |
| | D) | exemption allowances. |
| | E) | limited liability. |
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10 | | A "vertically integrated" system of production is one in which |
| | A) | all the employees belong to one big union organized by industry rather than by craft. |
| | B) | management and labor share equally in the profits through an elaborate sharing arrangement. |
| | C) | employees of different ethnic origins work together on the assembly line. |
| | D) | a single company controls the entire industrial process from source of raw materials to the final market. |
| | E) | a combination of firms in a given industry are merged into one organization. |
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11 | | John D. Rockefeller made his principal fortune in the field of |
| | A) | steel. |
| | B) | banking. |
| | C) | shipping. |
| | D) | petroleum. |
| | E) | mining. |
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12 | | What new type of business organization permitted a small group of capitalists to control the stock of a large number of individual corporations without actually becoming one company? The term later came to refer generally to any huge economic concentration. |
| | A) | trust |
| | B) | cartel |
| | C) | holding company |
| | D) | joint-stock company |
| | E) | conglomerate |
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13 | | The idea of the "self-made man" |
| | A) | was proved by the frequent rise of working-class Americans to the upper economic classes. |
| | B) | reduced the amount of corruption in American industry. |
| | C) | was reaffirmed by the favorable odds of becoming a millionaire. |
| | D) | ignored the fact that most millionaires came from families of wealth and privilege. |
| | E) | fostered industrial corruption. |
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14 | | "Social Darwinism" was based on what aspect of Charles Darwin's theory of biological evolution? |
| | A) | social gospel |
| | B) | instant creation |
| | C) | biblical inerrancy |
| | D) | survival of the fittest |
| | E) | social gospel and instant creation |
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15 | | Social Darwinism and classical economics agree that |
| | A) | humans are descended from lower animals. |
| | B) | free competition promotes human progress. |
| | C) | the government should ease the lot of the poor. |
| | D) | government ownership of the majority of the means of production is desirable. |
| | E) | accumulation of great wealth improves the lot of society in general. |
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16 | | Which of the following emphasizes most strongly the duty of the rich to do good works for the public? |
| | A) | socialism |
| | B) | Social Darwinism |
| | C) | classical economics |
| | D) | the Gospel of Wealth |
| | E) | a guilty conscience |
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17 | | The "single tax" was |
| | A) | an income tax. |
| | B) | a sales tax. |
| | C) | a tax on "unearned increments." |
| | D) | a tax on "earned increments." |
| | E) | a value-added tax. |
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18 | | The theme of virtually all of Horatio Alger's novels was |
| | A) | the rich get richer; the poor get poorer. |
| | B) | poor boy makes good by hard work, perseverance, and luck. |
| | C) | average guy gets wealthy through cunning, guile, and questionable business practices. |
| | D) | rich man has conversion and realizes that philanthropy and government regulation are the only ways to promote an equitable society. |
| | E) | All these answers are correct except that a poor boy makes good by hard work, perseverance, and luck. |
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19 | | In the late nineteenth century, the American working classes suffered from four of the following conditions. Which is the exception? |
| | A) | little or no worker's compensation for injury |
| | B) | no government health and safety regulations |
| | C) | declining standard of living, in both absolute and relative terms |
| | D) | no job security and layoffs due to seasonal, cyclical, or technological factors |
| | E) | lack of job training programs |
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20 | | The Molly Maguires |
| | A) | used terrorist tactics to intimidate the coal operators in Pennsylvania. |
| | B) | received broad support from middle-class Americans. |
| | C) | were among the more conservative unionists. |
| | D) | gained their broadest support in the cities of Chicago and New York. |
| | E) | fomented the Haymarket bombing. |
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21 | | The immediate cause of the railroad strikes of 1877 was |
| | A) | a 10 percent cut in wages. |
| | B) | the infiltration of unions by anarchists. |
| | C) | the refusal of the owners to adopt safety measures. |
| | D) | the refusal of the owners to agree to cost-of-living increases. |
| | E) | All these answers are correct. |
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22 | | A major feature of the program of the American Federation of Labor was its emphasis on |
| | A) | gender equity between male and female industrial workers. |
| | B) | reforming and altering the capitalist system so that workers would own part of the corporations they worked for. |
| | C) | immediate gains for its members, such as higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions. |
| | D) | mass organization of all laborers skilled, unskilled, and agricultural. |
| | E) | creating a pathway for women into the work force. |
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23 | | The significance of the Haymarket Square incident in 1886 was that |
| | A) | unions won their demand for an eight-hour day. |
| | B) | the American socialist movement received a great boost. |
| | C) | the use of Pinkerton guards as strikebreakers was outlawed. |
| | D) | it led to federal intervention in labor union matters. |
| | E) | it stimulated a hysterical wave of fear of anarchism and its alleged connection with unionism. |
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24 | | The Homestead strike of 1892 and the Pullman strike of 1894 were similar in that |
| | A) | both involved the American Railway Union. |
| | B) | federal troops were used to restore order in both. |
| | C) | both started when management ordered pay cuts for some workers. |
| | D) | strikers fought Pinkerton guards in violent pitched battles at both locations. |
| | E) | both took place in Chicago. |
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