AP Biology (Mader), 11th Edition

Chapter 37: Neurons and Nervous Systems

Learning Outcomes

37.1 Evolution of the Nervous System

1. Compare the nervous system of cnidarians, planarians, and annelids.
2. Describe the essential features of a typical vertebrate nervous system.
3. Explain the major adaptations that evolved in the brains of mammals.

37.2 Nervous Tissue

1. Describe the basic structure of a neuron, and compare the functions of the three types of neurons.
2. Discuss the changes in ion concentrations inside and outside of a neuron that result in an action potential.
3. Summarize the role of various neurotransmitters in propagating nerve impulses.

37.3 The Central Nervous System

1. Describe the anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves.
2. List the major regions of the human brain and describe some major functions of each.
3. Compare the causes and types of symptoms seen in some common CNS disorders.

37.4 The Peripheral Nervous System

1. Describe the overall anatomy of the PNS, including the cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
2. Explain how the somatic system differs from the autonomic system.
3. Contrast the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.