AP Biology (Mader), 11th Edition

Chapter 29: Vertebrate Evolution

Learning Outcomes

29.1 The Chordates

1. Identify the four basic characteristics of a chordate.
2. Name the two groups of nonvertebrate chordates.
3. Describe two features of each of the two groups of nonvertebrate chordates.

29.2 The Vertebrates

1. Describe the four characteristics that are unique to vertebrates.
2. Explain how the terms tetrapod, gnathostome, and amniote relate to vertebrate evolution.
3. Identify the geologic era and periods in which chordates and the first vertebrates appear.

29.3 The Fishes

1. List two features of jawless fishes.
2. Describe the three characteristics shared by all jawed fishes.
3. List features that distinguish cartilaginous fishes from bony fishes.

29.4 The Amphibians

1. List the seven characteristics that define the amphibians.
2. Describe features of the three groups of living amphibians.
3. Summarize the two hypotheses that explain the evolution of amphibians from lobe-finned fishes.

29.5 The Reptiles

1. List the seven features that define the reptiles.
2. Explain why the reptiles are represented by more than one evolutionary lineage.
3. Define traits of birds that are related to flight.

29.6 The Mammals

1. Describe five features of mammals.
2. Identify unique features that define each of the three living lineages of mammals.
3. Explain why mammals underwent adaptive radiation after the demise of dinosaurs.