AP Biology (Mader), 11th Edition

Chapter 16: How Populations Evolve

Learning Outcomes

16.1 Genes, Populations, and Evolution

1. Explain how evolution in populations is related to a change in allele frequencies.
2. List the five conditions necessary to maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
3. Apply the Hardy-Weinberg Principle to estimate equilibrium genotype frequencies.
4. Describe the agents of evolutionary change.

16.2 Natural Selection

1. Differentiate between stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection.
2. Interpret the type of natural selection operating on a trait by the change in shape of a phenotype distribution.
3. Explain how sexual selection drives adaptation for increased fitness.

16.3 Maintenance of Diversity

1. List two examples of how diversity is maintained in populations.
2. Describe why heterozygote advantage is a form of stabilizing selection.