Learning Objectives

Having read the chapter, you should be able to do each of the following:

Define sovereignty and explain the differences between federal, unitary, and confederal systems.

Specify the difference between enumerated, implied, and reserved powers. Explain the purpose underlying this distribution of power.

Distinguish between the "necessary and proper," "supremacy," and "commerce" clauses. Explain how their constitutional interpretations have affected the division of powers in American government.

Outline the different historical stages of federalism, including the major events and Supreme Court rulings that marked each stage.

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