1 A) They consist only of DNA or RNA and protein. B) They are not included in the taxonomic classification system. C) They do not contain regulatory mechanisms. D) They require a host cell to reproduce. E) They lack structures to respond to their environments. 2 A) Organisms lack a nuclear envelope. B) Organisms can be photosynthetic, heterotropic, or both. C) Most organisms have a unicellular phase in their life cycles. D) It consists of eukaryotic organisms. E) Organisms have a cytoskeleton. 3 A) All human-created systems are by nature based on highly artificial similarities. B) There are few evolutionary connections between organisms within the various groups. C) Evolutionary hypothesis are often mutually incompatible with each other, leading to confusion within Linnaean groups. D) Many groups in the Linnaean system do not contain a common ancestor and all its descendants, which hides evolutionary connections. E) The Linnaean system neglects most of the diversity seen in nature. 4 A) Serial endosymbiosis of first a heterotrophic bacterium, and then in plants, a subsequent acquisition of cyanobacteria. B) Endosymbiosis of an ancestral prokaryote which diverged to form these organelles in a host which eventually gave rise to eukaryotes. C) Uptake of DNA of eukaryotes from dead bacteria gave rise to new combinations, eventually forming these organelles through natural selection. D) Ancestors to plants picked up a cyanobacterium which gave rise to chloroplasts. Animal ancestors did the same to a heterotrophic bacterium to establish mitochondria. E) More than one of these answers is believed to be correct by most scientists. 5 A) Green algae B) Fungi C) Viridiplantae D) Choanoflagellates E) Any of the aerobic protists are considered candidates for this assignment. 6 A) Red algae are closely related to Chlorophyta, which confuses the determination of ancestral lineage. B) Groups that include red algae and land plants are monophyletic as long as you don't include Chlorophyta. C) Until molecular data were routinely included in cladistics, formation of groups was largely arbitrary. D) Cell biology, biochemistry, and molecular systematics are providing consistent, clear evolutionary patterns upon which to base new evolutionary hypotheses. E) All of the above make this new way of grouping more consistent with current data. 7 A) True B) False 8 A) Genus B) Species C) Family D) Class E) Domain 9 A) They have nuclei and membranous organelles. B) They inhabit extreme environmental niches. C) Although they are prokaryotes like true Bacteria, biochemically they are as different from them as animals are from bacteria. D) According to cladistic analysis, Archaea seem to have branched off from animals. E) With further research, we'll be able to more confidently place them in a category which includes members of the Bacteria domain. 10 A) True B) False 11 A) Charales B) Viridiplantae C) Streptophyta D) Chlorophyta E) Eukarya 12 A) Once. B) Twice. C) Three times. D) Four times. E) More than four times. 13 A) Myriopods. B) Crustaceans. C) Lophotrochozoans. D) Mammals. E) Ecdysozoans. 14 A) Eutherians. B) Placental. C) Monotremes. D) Marcupials. E) Both 1 and 2. 15 A) walruses. B) pigs. C) ducks. D) mice. E) hippos.
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