1 A) the figure of the emperor, the civil bureaucracy, and the army B) the civil bureaucracy, the priesthood, and the army C) the army, the priesthood, and the law D) the priesthood, the empire, and the civil bureaucracy E) the collection of taxes, the priesthood, and the figure of the emperor 2 A) add extensive territories in the East. B) preserve the Empire in peace. C) recast provincial administration. D) restore power to the Senate. E) return Rome to a republican form of government. 3 A) involving the Praetorian Guard in the process of picking a successor. B) insisting that the eldest son should succeed an emperor upon his death. C) allowing the Senate to elect their successor before their death. D) adopting a well-qualified leader as their son and successor. E) disbanding the Senate if it questioned any imperial actions. 4 A) extraordinary prosperity. B) the growth of towns in the West to rival those of the East. C) the growth of commercial estates in place of small farms in Italy. D) the growth of provincial areas in competition with Italy. E) the centrality of agriculture as the basic support of the economy. 5 A) exceptionally high living standards for the upper classes. B) conditions for the urban workers far below those of the peasantry. C) considerable social mobility. D) a huge population dependent on public allotments of grain. E) the wider gap between rich and poor in Rome than in Greece. 6 A) a rich and complex system of civil law. B) the extension of literature to the lower classes. C) the use of arches and vaults on a large scale. D) a system of roads across Western Europe. E) the invention of concrete. 7 A) economic decline. B) debilitating wars along the frontiers. C) the rise of Christianity. D) the decline of efficient administration. E) the rise of political gamblers or warlords to power. 8 A) It provided a reliable work force with strong incentives to work hard. B) It promoted technological innovation to replace human power with machinery. C) It permitted a calculated use of labor in relation to land and capital. D) It insured a reliable flow of replacement workers for the aging and the dead. E) It freed up land for the colonates. 9 A) allowing foreigners to settle on unused land within the Empire. B) attracting free Romans from the cities by offering land on good terms. C) freeing large numbers of slaves and granting them farmsteads. D) prohibiting farmers and their children from leaving their farm. E) establishing colonates to attract freeborn farmers to rural areas. 10 A) converting to Christianity. B) sharing power with three other rulers. C) establishing an authoritarian bureaucracy. D) strengthening the tax system. E) combating inflation by fixing maximum prices for nearly all goods and also fixing maximum wages. 11 A) the capital had been moved to Byzantium, which came to be known as Constantinople. B) the Roman army had ceased to be an effective force, since repeated defeats demoralized it. C) the economy had become virtually stagnant, as the state tried to force people to produce. D) government had become remote from the people, with the emperor insulated even from the court. E) many of the customs of kneeling before the emperor and other marks of royalty became traditional and remained so in European monarchies. 12 A) economic decline caused by the decline of trade and a labor shortage. B) social decay caused by governmental regulation of productive people and support of unproductive ones. C) cultural disillusionment as Romans satisfied with traditional religion rejected official Christianity. D) geographic conditions that made it easier for invaders to move into the West than to the East. E) the weakening of the central government and the rise of self-sufficient local estates as the main economic and political units of Western Europe. 13 A) held out the hope of survival after death. B) held its teachings to be a greater mystery than theirs. C) involved initiation rites leading to an ecstatic experience of God. D) called on its adherence to practice love and justice in their daily lives. E) posited a god of light and a god of darkness. 14 A) the Sadducees, formed of the landed aristocracy and the high priests. B) the Pharisees, who were pious middle-class lay people. C) the Essenes, ascetic priests who settled at Qumran. D) the Maccabees, who were pious Jewish nationalists who fought a guerrilla war against the Romans. E) the Eleusians, poor farmers awaiting the Messiah. 15 A) to end Jewish participation in the persecution of Christians. B) to convert his fellow Pharisee to Christianity. C) to show that Christianity was a direct continuation of Jewish traditions. D) to open the religion to gentiles as well as Jews. E) to unleash the forces of anti-Semitism in early Christian communities. 16 A) a prevention of women from teaching the Gospel. B) the steady strengthening of the power of bishops. C) the creation of a stable administration and hierarchy. D) increasing exclusiveness towards potential converts. E) the emergence of a systematic dogma. 17 A) the use of government repression against the Church's opponents. B) the end to religious persecution by the government. C) a civil war between adherents of the old religion and the new. D) the rapid collapse of the Western Empire. E) the rise of a theocracy in the east. 18 A) created alternative forms of the religion that helped it appeal to a broad range of people. B) forced it to define its doctrines ever more clearly. C) drew off people whose lacked a genuine commitment to the religion. D) encouraged Christians to practice love and tolerance toward each other. E) established a healthy theological competition within the Church. 19 A) Christians rejected any attempt to make use of pagan texts. B) classical paganism gradually eroded belief in Christian revelation. C) pagans refused to allow Christians to utilize their educational materials. D) Christians used pagan texts as educational tools, thereby preserving them. E) Christians synthesized pagan views with their own. 20 A) they produced commentaries and histories that were models for future generations. B) they refined the text of the Scriptures in light of the original Hebrew and translated them into Latin. C) they accommodated the teachings of Christian morality to peoples' natural urges for sex and comfort. D) they established the doctrine that the church was, in spiritual matters, above the government. E) their efforts strengthened the ecclesiastical apparatus and brought stability to the Church.
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