1 A) the peninsula is bisected by the Apennine mountain range. B) the mountains divide the land into many small valleys. C) in the north, the Po River runs through a large, fertile valley. D) the mountains are so gentle that they can be used for pasturing. E) the mountains made the task of forging national unity a difficult one. 2 A) two consuls, elected annually. B) a Senate consisting of men who had held elected office. C) assemblies that included all adult male citizens. D) a dictator, whose term of office was limited to one year. E) the occasional appointment of a "dictator" whose term was six months. 3 A) the patrician class was able to stifle all attempts at reform by assassinating plebeian leaders. B) the plebeians destroyed patrician dominance and installed direct control of the government by the masses. C) the patricians made significant concessions that did not fundamentally compromise their dominance. D) the plebeians took control of the state, but left the patricians significant ceremonial functions. E) the abolition of slavery within the Roman Republic but not in the territories. 4 A) Though originally subordinate to a rigid patriarchy, they gradually won significant, if still limited, freedoms. B) Though originally relatively autonomous, they found themselves subjected to increasing patriarchal controls. C) Though originally subordinate to a rigid patriarchy, they eventually won extensive political and civil rights. D) Though originally relatively autonomous, they successfully maintained their position as Roman society changed. E) Though originally forbidden from owning land, all land was now passed down from mother to daughter. 5 A) brutal disregard for the rights of the conquered people. B) an unbroken series of successful campaigns of conquest. C) integration of conquered states into the Roman federation. D) reliance on diplomacy rather than military conquest. E) brutal occupation of subject territories. 6 A) that Rome and Carthage divided control of the western Mediterranean. B) that Rome took the western Mediterranean while Carthage retained the Eastern half. C) that Rome destroyed Carthage and took control of the western Mediterranean. D) that Rome turned to conquest in the eastern Mediterranean when it was unable to defeat Carthage. E) the sacking of Rome by the Carthaginian general Hannibal. 7 A) occurred piecemeal, as one conquest generated conflicts that led to further conquests. B) occurred in one fell swoop when Rome defeated the Hellenistic Kingdom at Magnesia. C) spared Greece, whose independent culture the Romans held in particularly high regard. D) led to political reforms in the conquered states that ended their chronic corruption. E) contributed to the renewal of Athenian nationalism. 8 A) the military weakness of its enemies. B) provincial support for the Roman republic. C) absolute rule of overseas provinces by Roman governors. D) a powerful and resilient military machine. E) a tax collection system led by the equestrian class. 9 A) that the wars with Carthage had ravaged the countryside and brought the farmers to financial ruin. B) that citizens who profited from the wars bought out the farmers, forcing them to become landless laborers. C) that slaves captured in the wars of conquest undercut the wage structure for free workers. D) the requirement that men buy their own arms and armor, which limited opportunities in the legions. E) a growing pool of permanently unemployed was trapped in a self-perpetuating cycle of economic misery. 10 A) opening recruitment to propertyless men and securing booty and land for them. B) tightening recruitment to only men of property, and suppressing the Italian rebellion. C) enlisting masses of slaves who had no roots in Rome and no prospects beyond the success of their patron. D) leading them on campaigns of conquest that made each of them master of numerous foreign slaves. E) reorganizing military recruitment in order to benefit from the best-trained professionals. 11 A) lead an army into Rome for the first time to secure political power. B) make himself dictator without the usual six-month time limit. C) enact conservative reforms, increasing the power of the Senate. D) abolish the minimum ages at which a man could hold offices. E) had thousands of his political opponents executed. 12 A) he had himself elected as the first dictator for life. B) he established a system of client kings in smaller states. C) he reversed many of the reforms enacted by Sulla. D) he suppressed piracy and resettled many pirates onto farms. E) he was the youngest general elected consul in the history of Rome. 13 A) Spain. B) Syria. C) Armenia. D) Germany. E) Gaul. 14 A) assume the positions of both dictator and consul. B) lead an army on Rome. C) make himself dictator for life. D) reduce the number of members of the Senate to ensure closer loyalty. E) build alliances with potential rivals. 15 A) aristocrats, who resented his usurpation of their traditional dominance of the state. B) plebeians, who wanted revenge for his ruthless suppression of popular rights. C) rival generals, who hoped to gain his power for themselves. D) his officers, who felt he had neglected them after they helped him gain power. E) Egyptian assassins who vowed to rid their country of the Roman menace. 16 A) Mark Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus B) Octavian, Cassius, and Mark Antony C) Brutus, Cassius, and Octavian D) Marcus Lepidus, Octavian, and Cassius E) Gaius Cassius, Brutus, and Lepidus 17 A) humbling the Senate. B) convincing the Senate to support his takeover. C) taking control of each province in turn. D) reorganizing the armies to include non-Romans. E) defeating Antony and Cleopatra. 18 A) restoring the Republic while dominating it behind the scenes. B) gaining the powers and populist stature of a tribune. C) securing command of most of the army. D) rejecting the unoffical title and powers of "princeps." E) placing governors loyal to him in key imperial positions. 19 A) ending the series of civil wars. B) establishing secure borders. C) providing cash payments from the public treasury to soldiers who had served for twenty years. D) advancing the rights of women. E) reducing the influence of the old Roman religion. 20 A) largely based on Near Eastern forms and rituals. B) closely connected with the interests of the state. C) largely apolitical and focused predominantly on the afterlife. D) based on liberal, modernizing values often at odds with the general population. E) eventually exported to all sections of the empire.
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