The West in the World, 4th Edition (Sherman)

Chapter 11: "Alone Before God"

Critical Thinking Questions

  1. The Clash of Dynasties, 1515 - 1555


  1. How did the Turks threaten Charles V's empire?


  2. How did warfare change in the sixteenth century?


  3. What were the consequences and who suffered most under the new conditions of warfare?


  4. How were the Habsburg-Valois Wars resolved?


  1. A Tide of Religious Reform


  1. What questions were raised about salvation with the spread of Renaissance ideas of individualism?


  2. Who was Erasmus? How did he pave the way for Luther?


  3. Who was Martin Luther? What were his beliefs?


  4. What were Protestant religious ideas?


  5. How did Protestants deal with the sacraments and the issue of transubstantiation?


  6. What did Luther attack the Catholic church for in his writings?


  7. How did the poor of Germany react to Luther's teachings? What were the reactions of nobles and Luther himself to the peasants' actions?


  8. What was the Peace of Augsburg? What were the conditions of the agreement?


  9. Who was Zwingli? What were his beliefs?


  10. How did reform come about in Switzerland?


  11. Who were the radical reformers? What were their beliefs?


  12. Who was Calvin? What was his view on the question of salvation?


  13. How and why was the Anglican church established?


  14. What happened to religious freedoms in England as Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth ascended to the throne?


  1. The Catholic Reformation


  1. What did Cardinal Ximénez contribute to the Catholic Reformation?


  2. What was the Society of Jesus? How was the order founded? In what ways did the Jesuits serve the pope?


  3. What issues did the Council of Trent try to resolve?


  4. How did Rubens and El Greco affirm Catholic theology in their paintings?


  5. How did Catholics defend their faith from opposition?


  6. How did Philip face threats to his faith?


  1. Europe Erupts Again: A Century of Religious Warfare, 1559 - 1648


  1. What caused the French Wars of Religion? How did the conflict end?


  2. What caused the revolt of the Netherlands? How was this conflict resolved?


  3. Why did the Thirty Years' War break out in 1618? How was it resolved? What were the consequences of this war?


  4. How did the Peace of Westphalia shape the political geography of Europe?


  1. Life After the Reformation


  1. How did conceptions of love and marriage change with the exclusion of marriage from the sacraments?


  2. Why was education important to both Protestants and Reformed Catholics?


  3. How did people cope with the anxiety of the new religious individualism?


  4. Why and how was witchcraft persecuted?


Sherman: The West in the World, Fourth Edition
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